The transition phase of dairy cows is the period from three weeks before calving to three weeks after calving,and is a very critical phase for the productive career of the animals. During this period, in fact, a series of very significant metabolic, physiological and immune changes occur, as well as a greater risk of developing metabolic disorders, including ketosis, lipomobilization and hepatic steatosis, acidosis, metabolic disorders related to electrolyte imbalances and abomasal dislocation. This series of metabolic disorders is often caused by a negative energy balance in which there is a sudden increase in the energy demand usable for milk production, as the calving date approaches. The intestinal microbiota, or the microbial community of the enteric tract, plays a fundamental role during this delicate period, as its composition and relative functionality can significantly influence the efficiency of the metabolism of dairy cows, as well as the response to stress and therefore consequently also the health status of the animals. The microbiota plays important roles in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, also interfering with the immune and inflammatory response of animals. The study of the role of the microbiota in the metabolic stress of dairy cows in the transition phase provides us with important information regarding its composition and functionality, and how these two characteristics can modulate and influence the energy metabolism of animals, having more or less direct effects also on the health of the liver and the immune response. The analysis of the interactions between the microbiota and metabolism is used to understand the potential impact that a possible intestinal dysbiosis, or a condition of microbial imbalance given by an excessive proliferation of the portion of pathogenic bacteria that make up the intestinal microbiota, could have in favoring a series of pathological conditions related to metabolic stress. It is also important to evaluate and examine the methodologies through which the composition of the microbiota can be modified, paying particular attention to the composition of the ration, the zootechnical and environmental management of the farms, and therefore to company management. The composition of the microbiota can then be modulated through some strategies, including the use of probiotics and prebiotics, the use of boluses and the manipulation of the diet in terms of optimizing the ratio between forage and concentrates, as well as the management of environmental stress and monitoring the state of health through innovative technologies. In a production scenario in which livestock farming represents a very important sector, the study and analysis of the intestinal microbiota is essential, in order to develop new methods and optimization strategies capable of improving the state of well-being and productivity of dairy cows. The application of nutritional and management interventions that allow maintaining the balance between the microbial components of the intestinal microbiota could represent a new approach that allows the reduction of the incidence of metabolic disorders during the transition phase, improving the health of the animals and also their production efficiency.
La fase di transizione delle bovine da latte è rappresentata dal periodo che si estende dalle tre settimane antecedenti al parto sino alle tre settimane conseguenti al parto, e rappresenta una fase molto critica per la carriera produttiva degli animali. Durante questo periodo si hanno infatti una serie di cambiamenti metabolici, fisiologici ed immunitari molto rilevanti, nonché un maggiore rischio di sviluppare disturbi metabolici, tra cui la chetosi, la lipomobilizzazione e la steatosi epatica, l’acidosi, i disturbi metabolici legati agli squilibri elettrolitici e la dislocazione abomasale. Questa serie di disturbi metabolici è spesso causata da un bilancio energetico negativo in cui si ha un improvviso incremento della richiesta energetica impiegabile per la produzione lattea, con l’avvicinarsi alla data del parto. Il microbiota intestinale, ovvero la comunità microbica del tratto enterico, ha un ruolo fondamentale durante questo periodo delicato, in quanto la sua composizione e relativa funzionalità possono influenzare notevolmente l’efficienza del metabolismo delle bovine da latte, nonché la risposta allo stress e quindi di conseguenza anche lo stato di salute degli animali. Il microbiota svolge infatti importanti funzioni nella digestione e nell’assorbimento dei nutrienti, andando ad interferire anche con la risposta immunitaria ed infiammatoria degli animali. Lo studio del ruolo del microbiota nello stress metabolico delle bovine da latte in fase di transizione, ci fornisce informazioni importanti relative alla sua composizione e funzionalità, e di come queste due caratteristiche possano modulare ed influenzare il metabolismo energetico degli animali, avendo effetti più o meno diretti anche sulla salute del fegato e sulla risposta immunitaria. L’analisi delle interazioni tra il microbiota ed il metabolismo è impiegata per comprendere il potenziale impatto che un’eventuale disbiosi intestinale, ovvero una condizione di squilibrio microbico data da una proliferazione eccessiva della porzione di batteri patogeni che compongono il microbiota intestinale, potrebbe avere nel favorire una serie di condizioni patologiche legate allo stress metabolico. È importante anche valutare ed esaminare le metodologie mediante le quali si possa modificare la composizione del microbiota, ponendo particolare attenzione alla composizione della razione, alla gestione zootecnica e ambientale degli allevamenti, e quindi al management aziendale. La composizione del microbiota può essere poi modulata mediante alcune strategie, tra cui l’impiego di probiotici e prebiotici, l’impiego di boli e la manipolazione della dieta in termini di ottimizzazione del rapporto tra foraggi e concentrati, nonché della gestione dello stress ambientale e del monitoraggio dello stato di salute attraverso tecnologie innovative. In uno scenario produttivo in cui la zootecnia rappresenta un settore molto rilevante, risulta essere indispensabile lo studio e l’analisi del microbiota intestinale, allo scopo di sviluppare nuove metodiche e strategie di ottimizzazione in grado di migliorare lo stato di benessere e la produttività delle bovine da latte. L’applicazione di interventi nutrizionali e gestionali che permettono di mantenere l’equilibrio tra le componenti microbiche del microbiota intestinale, potrebbero rappresentare un nuovo approccio che permetta la riduzione dell’incidenza dei disordini metabolici durante la fase di transizione, migliorando la salute degli animali ed anche la loro efficienza produttiva.
Il ruolo del microbiota nello stress metabolico delle bovine da latte in fase di transizione
ZORZAN, MARTA
2023/2024
Abstract
The transition phase of dairy cows is the period from three weeks before calving to three weeks after calving,and is a very critical phase for the productive career of the animals. During this period, in fact, a series of very significant metabolic, physiological and immune changes occur, as well as a greater risk of developing metabolic disorders, including ketosis, lipomobilization and hepatic steatosis, acidosis, metabolic disorders related to electrolyte imbalances and abomasal dislocation. This series of metabolic disorders is often caused by a negative energy balance in which there is a sudden increase in the energy demand usable for milk production, as the calving date approaches. The intestinal microbiota, or the microbial community of the enteric tract, plays a fundamental role during this delicate period, as its composition and relative functionality can significantly influence the efficiency of the metabolism of dairy cows, as well as the response to stress and therefore consequently also the health status of the animals. The microbiota plays important roles in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, also interfering with the immune and inflammatory response of animals. The study of the role of the microbiota in the metabolic stress of dairy cows in the transition phase provides us with important information regarding its composition and functionality, and how these two characteristics can modulate and influence the energy metabolism of animals, having more or less direct effects also on the health of the liver and the immune response. The analysis of the interactions between the microbiota and metabolism is used to understand the potential impact that a possible intestinal dysbiosis, or a condition of microbial imbalance given by an excessive proliferation of the portion of pathogenic bacteria that make up the intestinal microbiota, could have in favoring a series of pathological conditions related to metabolic stress. It is also important to evaluate and examine the methodologies through which the composition of the microbiota can be modified, paying particular attention to the composition of the ration, the zootechnical and environmental management of the farms, and therefore to company management. The composition of the microbiota can then be modulated through some strategies, including the use of probiotics and prebiotics, the use of boluses and the manipulation of the diet in terms of optimizing the ratio between forage and concentrates, as well as the management of environmental stress and monitoring the state of health through innovative technologies. In a production scenario in which livestock farming represents a very important sector, the study and analysis of the intestinal microbiota is essential, in order to develop new methods and optimization strategies capable of improving the state of well-being and productivity of dairy cows. The application of nutritional and management interventions that allow maintaining the balance between the microbial components of the intestinal microbiota could represent a new approach that allows the reduction of the incidence of metabolic disorders during the transition phase, improving the health of the animals and also their production efficiency.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78017