The problem of the presence of voles in agriculture is very widespread and causes extensive damage to crops, in particular during the various rodent outbreaks that have occurred in recent decades, so much so that it has jeopardized the survival of entire farms. This occurs particularly in areas of the world where the territory is modified by us humans, through the elimination of all those elements (swamps, woods, hedges, rows) that can hinder intensive agriculture, which however, they are the same elements used by the predatory species of voles to reproduce and populate the areas in which, until a few decades ago, they were dominated and kept in balance. In the first introductory part of this thesis, the diffusion dynamics and ecology of two particular species of voles, the common vole (Microtus arvalis) and the Savi vole (Microtus savii) were studied and the method of conservative biological control of them based on the installation of nest boxes and perches for birds of prey. This method is based on encouraging the natural predators of voles (in this case birds of prey) to settle in a specific agricultural area, with the aim of lowering the number of vole individuals below the threshold of economic damage. The second part of the thesis describes the experimentation that took place at the Orti di Sant'Angelo farm, located in Marano Vicentino (VI). The company grows 5ha of organic vegetables and in recent years has suffered damage caused by voles amounting to 50% of production in certain periods of the year. It was therefore decided to apply the biological control method previously described in order to reduce the populations of infesting voles, in particular a total of 9 nest boxes were installed (4 for Kestrel, 2 for Little Owl, 2 for Scops Owl, 1 for Tawny Owl) and 5 perches. During the experimentation, periodic inspections were carried out on the nests, which unfortunately did not bring the desired results as the percentage of occupancy of them was found to be zero. This is to be considered due to the late installation of the boxes, caused by work and organizational needs foreseen by the internship carried out in the company and concomitant with the experimentation. Consequently, it was not even possible to carry out a study of the wads inside the nests with the aim of recording the vole species infesting the company based on the diet of the nocturnal birds of prey. The method is still considered valid based on the studies analyzed in this regard. For this reason, in fact, it was decided to continue the study at the Orti di Sant'Angelo company with further nest censuses in future seasons and to develop it in the future through integrated control techniques, combining this method with the cleaning and maintenance of the farms’ green areas (often cause of the swarm of rodents) and the implementation of certain agronomic practices aimed at disturbing and discouraging the vole populations in that area.
Il problema della presenza di arvicole in agricoltura è molto diffuso e causa ingenti danni alle colture, in particolare durante le svariate epidemie di roditori che si sono verificate negli ultimi decenni, tanto da mettere a repentaglio la sopravvivenza di intere aziende agricole. Questo viene a verificarsi in particolar modo in aree del mondo in cui il territorio viene modificato da noi umani, tramite l’eliminazione di tutti quegli elementi (paludi, boschi, siepi, filari) che possono ostacolare un’agricoltura di tipo intensivo, i quali però sono gli stessi elementi utilizzati dalle specie predatrici delle arvicole per riprodursi e popolare le aree in cui fino a qualche decina di anni fa erano da loro dominate e mantenute in equilibrio. Nella prima parte introduttiva di questa tesi si sono studiate le dinamiche di diffusione e l’ecologia di due particolari specie di arvicole, l’arvicola campestre (Microtus arvalis) e l’arvicola del Savi (Microtus savii) ed è stato valutato il metodo di controllo biologico conservativo di esse basato sull’installazione di cassette nido e posatoi per rapaci. Questo metodo si basa sull’incentivare i predatori naturali delle arvicole (in questo caso rapaci) ad insediarsi in una determinata area agricola, e non solo, con lo scopo di abbassare il numero di individui di arvicole al di sotto della soglia di danno economico. Nella seconda parte dell’elaborato è stata invece descritta la sperimentazione che si è svolta presso l’azienda Orti di Sant’Angelo, situata a Marano Vicentino (VI). L’azienda coltiva 5ha di orticole con metodo biologico e negli ultimi anni ha subito danni causati da arvicole pari al 50% della produzione in determinati periodi dell’anno. Si è pertanto deciso di applicare il metodo di lotta biologica precedentemente descritto al fine di ridurre le popolazioni di arvicole infestanti, in particolare sono state installate un totale di 9 cassette nido (4 per Gheppio, 2 per Civetta, 2 per Assiolo, 1 per Allocco) e 5 posatoi. Durante la sperimentazione sono state condotte periodiche ispezioni ai nidi, le quali purtroppo non hanno portato i risultati sperati in quanto la percentuale di occupazione di essi è risultata pari a zero. Questo è da considerarsi dovuto alla tardiva epoca di installazione delle cassette, causata da esigenze lavorative ed organizzative previste dal tirocinio svolto in azienda e concomitante con la sperimentazione. Di conseguenza non è stato possibile effettuare nemmeno lo studio delle borre all’interno dei nidi con lo scopo di censire le specie arvicole infestanti l’azienda in base alla dieta dei rapaci notturni. Il metodo è da considerarsi comunque valido in base agli studi analizzati a riguardo. Per questa ragione infatti è stato deciso di proseguire lo studio presso l’azienda Orti di Sant’Angelo con ulteriori censimenti ai nidi nelle future stagioni e di svilupparlo in futuro mediante tecniche di lotta integrata, combinando questo metodo con la pulizia ed il mantenimento delle aree verdi aziendali (spesso causa della pullulazione di roditori) e l’attuazione di determinate pratiche agronomiche volte a disturbare e disincentivare le popolazioni di arvicole in quell’area.
Controllo biologico delle arvicole in orticoltura
CUMERLATO, GIUSEPPE
2023/2024
Abstract
The problem of the presence of voles in agriculture is very widespread and causes extensive damage to crops, in particular during the various rodent outbreaks that have occurred in recent decades, so much so that it has jeopardized the survival of entire farms. This occurs particularly in areas of the world where the territory is modified by us humans, through the elimination of all those elements (swamps, woods, hedges, rows) that can hinder intensive agriculture, which however, they are the same elements used by the predatory species of voles to reproduce and populate the areas in which, until a few decades ago, they were dominated and kept in balance. In the first introductory part of this thesis, the diffusion dynamics and ecology of two particular species of voles, the common vole (Microtus arvalis) and the Savi vole (Microtus savii) were studied and the method of conservative biological control of them based on the installation of nest boxes and perches for birds of prey. This method is based on encouraging the natural predators of voles (in this case birds of prey) to settle in a specific agricultural area, with the aim of lowering the number of vole individuals below the threshold of economic damage. The second part of the thesis describes the experimentation that took place at the Orti di Sant'Angelo farm, located in Marano Vicentino (VI). The company grows 5ha of organic vegetables and in recent years has suffered damage caused by voles amounting to 50% of production in certain periods of the year. It was therefore decided to apply the biological control method previously described in order to reduce the populations of infesting voles, in particular a total of 9 nest boxes were installed (4 for Kestrel, 2 for Little Owl, 2 for Scops Owl, 1 for Tawny Owl) and 5 perches. During the experimentation, periodic inspections were carried out on the nests, which unfortunately did not bring the desired results as the percentage of occupancy of them was found to be zero. This is to be considered due to the late installation of the boxes, caused by work and organizational needs foreseen by the internship carried out in the company and concomitant with the experimentation. Consequently, it was not even possible to carry out a study of the wads inside the nests with the aim of recording the vole species infesting the company based on the diet of the nocturnal birds of prey. The method is still considered valid based on the studies analyzed in this regard. For this reason, in fact, it was decided to continue the study at the Orti di Sant'Angelo company with further nest censuses in future seasons and to develop it in the future through integrated control techniques, combining this method with the cleaning and maintenance of the farms’ green areas (often cause of the swarm of rodents) and the implementation of certain agronomic practices aimed at disturbing and discouraging the vole populations in that area.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80379