The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is present throughout the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is composed by a network of plastic neurons and glial cells that is subjected to changes throughout life, mainly due to the continuous exposure to environmental and microbial factors during digestion. In the GI tract, aging affects epithelial, muscle, and neuronal function as well as the gut microbiota, immune response, and GI motility. Specifically, dysmotility may be caused by neuronal degeneration and altered smooth muscle contractility, while changes in the permeability of intestinal epithelial barrier may be due to altered microbial composition with consequent immune response activation and development of a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the involvement of the innate immunity Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the progression of ENS aging. Genetically modified TLR4-deficient mice and wild-type control mice were used at two different ages (3 months and 12 months) to study the structural and functional changes in the ENS caused by aging. GI motility was assessed by the in vivo analysis of GI transit time by means of a fluorescent probe. The presence of aging-associated dysmotility was confirmed by ex vivo analysis of ileal neuromuscular responses, performed using the organ-bath technique. Specifically, were analyzed: i) the muscle response induced by the depolarizing agent KCl 60mM; ii) the neuronal response mediated by electrical field stimulation at increasing frequencies (0-40 Hz); iii) the neuromuscular response mediated by cholinergic transmission through the addition of cumulative and increasing concentrations of carbachol; iv) the activity of enteric inhibitory neurotransmissions, particularly the nitrergic neurotransmission, in the presence or absence of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Based on the results obtained from the functional analyses, the morphology and structure of the ENS was then studied by immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy, in order to evaluate the presence of neurodegeneration and reactive gliosis in the myenteric plexus of aged mice. In conclusion, the findings obtained from this research project underscore the role of TLR4 signaling in the physiological aging process that appears to be implicated in the disruption of intestinal homeostasis and in the development of age-dependent chronic inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Il Sistema Nervoso Enterico (SNE) risiede all’interno del tratto gastrointestinale (GI) ed è costituito da un insieme di neuroni e cellule gliali che è soggetto a cambiamenti, nel corso della vita, dovuti principalmente alla continua esposizione di fattori ambientali e microbici durante la digestione. In particolare, l’invecchiamento può influenzare la funzione epiteliale, muscolare e neuronale nonché il microbiota intestinale, la risposta immunitaria e la motilità GI. In particolare, le anomalie motorie possono essere causate dalla neurodegenerazione e dall’alterata contrattilità della muscolatura liscia; invece, variazioni della permeabilità della barriera epiteliale possono essere dovute ad alterata composizione microbica con conseguente attivazione della risposta immunitaria e sviluppo di uno stato di infiammazione cronica di basso grado. Questo studio mira a valutare il coinvolgimento del recettore dell’immunità innata Toll-like 4 (TLR4) nella progressione dell’invecchiamento del SNE. Sono stati utilizzati topi geneticamente modificati deficienti per il recettore TLR4 e topi controllo wild-type. Per ogni ceppo sono state considerate due diverse età (3 mesi e 12 mesi) al fine di studiare le modifiche strutturali e funzionali del SNE causate dall’invecchiamento. È stata quindi valutata la motilità GI attraverso l’analisi in vivo del tempo di transito GI di una sonda fluorescente. La presenza di alterata motilità associata all’invecchiamento è stata in seguito confermata attraverso l’analisi ex vivo delle risposte neuromuscolari ileali, eseguita con la tecnica dell’organo isolato. In particolare, sono state analizzate: i) la risposta muscolare indotta dall’agente depolarizzante KCl 60 mM; ii) la risposta neuronale mediata dalla stimolazione elettrica a campo a frequenze crescenti (0-40 Hz), iii) la risposta neuromuscolare mediata dalla trasmissione colinergica tramite l’aggiunta di concentrazioni cumulative e crescenti di carbacolo; iv) l'attività delle neurotrasmissioni inibitorie enteriche, in particolare di quella nitrergica, in presenza o assenza di inibitori delle isoforme dell’ossido nitrico sintasi. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti dalle analisi funzionali, è stata poi studiata la morfologia e struttura del SNE attraverso tecnica immunoistochimica accoppiata a microscopia confocale, valutando la presenza di neurodegenerazione e gliosi reattiva nel plesso mienterico murino. In conclusione, i dati ottenuti da questo progetto di ricerca sottolineano il ruolo del recettore TLR4 nel processo di invecchiamento fisiologico che sembra essere implicato nella compromissione dell’omeostasi intestinale e nell’insorgenza di malattie cronico-infiammatorie legate all’età, come ad esempio patologie neurodegenerative, metaboliche e cardiovascolari.
Role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in enteric neuromuscular function during aging
BARRANCA, VALENTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is present throughout the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is composed by a network of plastic neurons and glial cells that is subjected to changes throughout life, mainly due to the continuous exposure to environmental and microbial factors during digestion. In the GI tract, aging affects epithelial, muscle, and neuronal function as well as the gut microbiota, immune response, and GI motility. Specifically, dysmotility may be caused by neuronal degeneration and altered smooth muscle contractility, while changes in the permeability of intestinal epithelial barrier may be due to altered microbial composition with consequent immune response activation and development of a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the involvement of the innate immunity Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the progression of ENS aging. Genetically modified TLR4-deficient mice and wild-type control mice were used at two different ages (3 months and 12 months) to study the structural and functional changes in the ENS caused by aging. GI motility was assessed by the in vivo analysis of GI transit time by means of a fluorescent probe. The presence of aging-associated dysmotility was confirmed by ex vivo analysis of ileal neuromuscular responses, performed using the organ-bath technique. Specifically, were analyzed: i) the muscle response induced by the depolarizing agent KCl 60mM; ii) the neuronal response mediated by electrical field stimulation at increasing frequencies (0-40 Hz); iii) the neuromuscular response mediated by cholinergic transmission through the addition of cumulative and increasing concentrations of carbachol; iv) the activity of enteric inhibitory neurotransmissions, particularly the nitrergic neurotransmission, in the presence or absence of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Based on the results obtained from the functional analyses, the morphology and structure of the ENS was then studied by immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy, in order to evaluate the presence of neurodegeneration and reactive gliosis in the myenteric plexus of aged mice. In conclusion, the findings obtained from this research project underscore the role of TLR4 signaling in the physiological aging process that appears to be implicated in the disruption of intestinal homeostasis and in the development of age-dependent chronic inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80610