Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both women and men and is associated with high mortality rates. The effectiveness of treatment and prognosis are closely linked to the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, with a high probability of success in the early stages (primary tumour), and a significant decrease in advanced and metastatic stages. In this work, we analysed the combined effect of two different stresses: hypoxia and amino-acid deprivation (glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn)) on a colorectal cancer cell line, over a chronic period (more than 30 weeks). Indeed, although the HIF (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor) and ISR (Integrated Stress Response) pathways are well-documented in the literature, these stresses have generally been studied separately and under acute conditions (hours/days). We used the HCT116 CRC cell line, exposing chronically to four different conditions: air with full amino acids access (control), hypoxia (1% oxygen) with full amino acids access, air with low amino acid (Gln and Asn) access, and the combination of both hypoxia and low amino acid access (dual stress). We aimed to understand how cells adapt to these distinct stress conditions during prolonged exposure, exploring the interplay between the two pathways under investigation, HIF pathway and ISR. Additionally, we aimed to identify a key factor potentially driving this adaptation process, focusing on the morphology, proliferation, and migration of the adapted cells. Our results demonstrate that cells adapted to double stress show altered morphology, with the presence of two types of cells under dual stress, compared to those subjected to single or no stress. The proliferation rate is not altered under hypoxic conditions compared to control, it is drastically reduced under amino acid scarcity, and partially rescued under dual stress. Dual stress also significantly increases invasiveness and migration capacity. Furthermore, we observed that cells adapted to dual stress conditions exhibit chronic activation of the HIF pathway, while the ATF4 pathway is not persistently active under these conditions. This observation suggests a crosstalk between the two pathways, which could be an interesting focus for further studies to better understand the molecular changes occurring as a consequence of cellular adaptation. Proteomic analysis revealed the overexpression of several proteins, including Cystein Risch Protein 1 (CRIP1), which is overexpressed under double stress conditions. CRIP1 is associated with increased invasiveness of cancer cells, without any effect on proliferation. Finally, using the XENA browser software to analyse the CRC of the TCGA database we found that CRIP1 expression is up-regulated in the CRC that have a microsatellite instability. CRIP1 expression is also associated to a worse prognosis for patients. The overexpression of CRIP1 as a potential key mediator of these results. Further in vivo studies on the invasive potential of the dual stress adapted cells and on the mechanisms potentially driven by CRIP1 would be valuable to better understand how cancer cells adapt to these stress conditions.
Il carcinoma colorettale (CRC) è il terzo tumore più comune sia nelle donne che negli uomini ed è associato a tassi di mortalità elevati. L'efficacia della terapia e la prognosi sono strettamente legate allo stadio della malattia al momento della diagnosi, con un'alta probabilità di successo nelle fasi iniziali (tumore primario) e una significativa diminuzione nelle fasi avanzate e metastatiche. In questo lavoro, abbiamo analizzato l'effetto combinato di due stress distinti: ipossia e privazione di aminoacidi (glutammina (Gln) e asparagina (Asn)) su una linea cellulare di carcinoma colorettale, per un periodo cronico (più di 30 settimane). Infatti, sebbene i pathway HIF (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor) e ISR (Integrated Stress Response) siano ben documentati in letteratura, sono stati generalmente studiati separatamente e in condizioni acute (ore/giorni) . Abbiamo utilizzato la linea cellulare CRC HCT116, esponendola cronicamente a quattro diverse condizioni: ambiente con accesso completo agli aminoacidi (controllo), ipossia (1% di ossigeno) con accesso completo agli aminoacidi, ambiente con ridotto accesso agli aminoacidi (Gln e Asn) e la combinazione di ipossia e ridotto accesso agli aminoacidi (doppio stress). Il nostro obiettivo era comprendere come le cellule si adattino a queste condizioni di stress durante un'esposizione prolungata, esplorando l'interazione tra i due pathway in esame, HIF e ISR. Inoltre, miravamo a identificare un fattore chiave potenzialmente responsabile di questo processo di adattamento, concentrandoci sulla morfologia, proliferazione e migrazione delle cellule adattate. I nostri risultati dimostrano che le cellule adattate al doppio stress esibiscono una morfologia alterata, con la presenza di due fenotipi cellulari differenti in condizioni di doppio stress rispetto a quelle sottoposte agli altri stress. Il tasso di proliferazione non è alterato in condizioni ipossiche rispetto al controllo, ma è drasticamente ridotto in condizioni di scarsità di aminoacidi, e parzialmente ripristinato in condizioni di doppio stress. Inoltre le cellule adattate al doppio stress aumentano significativamente la capacità di invasione e migrazione. Abbiamo osservato che le cellule adattate presentano un'attivazione cronica del pathway HIF, mentre il pathway ATF4 rimane inattivo. Questa osservazione suggerisce una possibile interazione tra i due pathway, che potrebbe rappresentare un interessante focus per studi futuri volti a comprendere in modo migliore i cambiamenti a livello molecolare che avvengono come conseguenza dell'adattamento cellulare. L'analisi proteomica ha rivelato la sovra espressione di diverse proteine, tra cui Cystein Rich Protein 1 (CRIP1), sovra espressa in condizioni di doppio stress. CRIP1 è stata associata a una maggiore invasività delle cellule tumorali, senza alcun effetto sulla proliferazione. Infine, utilizzando il software XENA Browser per analizzare i dati su pazienti con CRC del database TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), abbiamo riscontrato che l'espressione di CRIP1 è aumentata nei CRC con instabilità microsatellitare ed è inoltre associata ad una prognosi peggiore. La sovra espressione di CRIP1 potrebbe essere un mediatore chiave di questi risultati. Ulteriori studi in vivo sul potenziale invasivo delle cellule adattate al doppio stress e sui meccanismi potenzialmente guidati da CRIP1 sarebbero utili per meglio comprendere come le cellule tumorali si adattino a queste condizioni di stress.
Modeling metabolic heterogeneity in colorectal cancer and its consequences on phenotype
CAVINATO, DAVIDE
2023/2024
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both women and men and is associated with high mortality rates. The effectiveness of treatment and prognosis are closely linked to the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, with a high probability of success in the early stages (primary tumour), and a significant decrease in advanced and metastatic stages. In this work, we analysed the combined effect of two different stresses: hypoxia and amino-acid deprivation (glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn)) on a colorectal cancer cell line, over a chronic period (more than 30 weeks). Indeed, although the HIF (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor) and ISR (Integrated Stress Response) pathways are well-documented in the literature, these stresses have generally been studied separately and under acute conditions (hours/days). We used the HCT116 CRC cell line, exposing chronically to four different conditions: air with full amino acids access (control), hypoxia (1% oxygen) with full amino acids access, air with low amino acid (Gln and Asn) access, and the combination of both hypoxia and low amino acid access (dual stress). We aimed to understand how cells adapt to these distinct stress conditions during prolonged exposure, exploring the interplay between the two pathways under investigation, HIF pathway and ISR. Additionally, we aimed to identify a key factor potentially driving this adaptation process, focusing on the morphology, proliferation, and migration of the adapted cells. Our results demonstrate that cells adapted to double stress show altered morphology, with the presence of two types of cells under dual stress, compared to those subjected to single or no stress. The proliferation rate is not altered under hypoxic conditions compared to control, it is drastically reduced under amino acid scarcity, and partially rescued under dual stress. Dual stress also significantly increases invasiveness and migration capacity. Furthermore, we observed that cells adapted to dual stress conditions exhibit chronic activation of the HIF pathway, while the ATF4 pathway is not persistently active under these conditions. This observation suggests a crosstalk between the two pathways, which could be an interesting focus for further studies to better understand the molecular changes occurring as a consequence of cellular adaptation. Proteomic analysis revealed the overexpression of several proteins, including Cystein Risch Protein 1 (CRIP1), which is overexpressed under double stress conditions. CRIP1 is associated with increased invasiveness of cancer cells, without any effect on proliferation. Finally, using the XENA browser software to analyse the CRC of the TCGA database we found that CRIP1 expression is up-regulated in the CRC that have a microsatellite instability. CRIP1 expression is also associated to a worse prognosis for patients. The overexpression of CRIP1 as a potential key mediator of these results. Further in vivo studies on the invasive potential of the dual stress adapted cells and on the mechanisms potentially driven by CRIP1 would be valuable to better understand how cancer cells adapt to these stress conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80835