Methane (CH4) is a natural gas produced by the decomposition of organic matter. It is a greenhouse gas essential for maintaining a livable environment on the Earth's surface. However, due to human activities, it is produced in excess, thereby contributing to global warming and climate change. In livestock farming, CH4 is produced as a result of ruminal fermentation carried out by methanogenic microorganisms, which break down the organic matter ingested by animals and convert it into compounds that can be absorbed by the organism. These microorganisms are essential for the physiology of ruminants, but they become an environmental concern because CH4 is also produced as an end product of the digestion process. This thesis aimed to analyse the factors underlying the variations in CH4 production in dairy cows. To gain a broader perspective, three breeds reared in the Veneto region were compared: Italian Holstein, Simmental and Rendena. A total of 909 animals (499, 204, and 206 individuals from each breed, respectively) were sampled across 16 farms. These farms employed different herd management and feeding systems. For all the visited farms, feed ration samples were collected and analysed. The sampling was carried out in conjunction with the routine performance testing conducted by the Regional Breeders Association of Veneto (ARAV), which provided a milk sample for each animal. The samples were subsequently analysed to determine their composition and fatty acid profile. Based on this information, the CH4 production was estimated using formulas sourced from scientific literature. Finally, the main sources of variation of CH4 production were analysed: breed, parity, stage of lactation, and the interactions breed x parity and breed x stage of lactation. The stage of lactation emerged as the main source of variation of CH4 production, followed by the breed x stage of lactation interaction, breed, and parity. The breed x parity interaction did not significantly affect the variability of CH4 production. The CH4 production curve during lactation showed a trend similar to that of milk production, but with a delayed peak. The analyses revealed that CH4 emissions increase with parity, with the most marked difference observed between the first and second calving. The results also highlighted that cows of the highest-producing breed, the Italian Holstein, have a higher individual daily CH4 production compared to cows of the other breeds. However, their CH4 emissions are lower when expressed per kg of milk produced and kg of dry matter intake.
Il metano (CH4) è un gas naturale che viene prodotto dalla decomposizione della sostanza organica. È un gas serra fondamentale per mantenere un ambiente vivibile sulla superficie terrestre. Tuttavia, a causa dell’attività umana, viene prodotto in eccesso, contribuendo così al riscaldamento globale e al conseguente cambiamento climatico. Negli allevamenti, il CH4 viene prodotto a seguito delle fermentazioni ruminali ad opera dei microrganismi metanogeni, i quali degradano la sostanza organica ingerita dagli animali trasformandola in composti assorbili dall’organismo. Questi microrganismi sono essenziali per la fisiologia dei ruminati, ma diventano un problema dal punto di vista ambientale perché come composto finale del processo di digestione viene prodotto anche CH4. In questo lavoro di tesi si è perseguito l’obiettivo di analizzare i diversi fattori alla base delle variazioni nella produzione di CH4 nelle vacche da latte. Per ottenere una visione più ampia, sono state messe a confronto tre razze allevate in Veneto: Frisona Italiana, Pezzata Rossa Italiana e Rendena. Sono stati campionati rispettivamente 499, 204 e 206 animali, per un totale di 909 soggetti, allevati in 16 aziende della Regione Veneto. Le aziende in questione adottavano sistemi di gestione e di alimentazione della mandria diversi. Per tutti gli allevamenti visitati sono stati raccolti e analizzati campioni delle razioni. Le attività si sono svolte in concomitanza con i controlli funzionali dell’Associazione Regionale Allevatori del Veneto, che ha fornito un campione di latte per ciascun animale. Il campione è stato successivamente analizzato per determinarne la composizione e il profilo in acidi grassi. A partire da questi ultimi, tramite formule recuperate dalla letteratura, sono state stimate le produzioni di CH4 degli animali. Successivamente, sono state analizzate le principali fonti di variazione della produzione del CH4, ovvero la razza, l’ordine di parto, lo stadio di lattazione e le interazioni razza x ordine di parto e razza x stadio di lattazione. Lo stadio di lattazione rappresenta la principale fonte di variazione della produzione di CH4, seguito dall’interazione razza x stadio di lattazione, dalla razza e dall’ordine di parto. L’interazione razza x ordine di parto non ha impattato significativamente la variabilità della produzione di CH4. La curva di produzione del CH4, durante la lattazione, ha evidenziato un andamento simile a quella della produzione di latte, ma con un picco posticipato. Dalle analisi è emerso che l’emissione di CH4 aumenta con l’ordine di parto e la differenza più marcata si osserva tra il primo e il secondo parto. I risultati hanno inoltre evidenziato che le vacche della razza più produttiva, ovvero la Frisona Italiana, hanno una produzione individuale giornaliera di CH4 maggiore rispetto a quella delle vacche delle altre razze, ma un’incidenza minore quando tale produzione viene rapportata al kg di latte prodotto e al kg di sostanza secca ingerita.
Fonti di variazione delle emissioni di metano nelle vacche da latte allevate in Veneto
BERNO, MATTIA ANGELO
2024/2025
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is a natural gas produced by the decomposition of organic matter. It is a greenhouse gas essential for maintaining a livable environment on the Earth's surface. However, due to human activities, it is produced in excess, thereby contributing to global warming and climate change. In livestock farming, CH4 is produced as a result of ruminal fermentation carried out by methanogenic microorganisms, which break down the organic matter ingested by animals and convert it into compounds that can be absorbed by the organism. These microorganisms are essential for the physiology of ruminants, but they become an environmental concern because CH4 is also produced as an end product of the digestion process. This thesis aimed to analyse the factors underlying the variations in CH4 production in dairy cows. To gain a broader perspective, three breeds reared in the Veneto region were compared: Italian Holstein, Simmental and Rendena. A total of 909 animals (499, 204, and 206 individuals from each breed, respectively) were sampled across 16 farms. These farms employed different herd management and feeding systems. For all the visited farms, feed ration samples were collected and analysed. The sampling was carried out in conjunction with the routine performance testing conducted by the Regional Breeders Association of Veneto (ARAV), which provided a milk sample for each animal. The samples were subsequently analysed to determine their composition and fatty acid profile. Based on this information, the CH4 production was estimated using formulas sourced from scientific literature. Finally, the main sources of variation of CH4 production were analysed: breed, parity, stage of lactation, and the interactions breed x parity and breed x stage of lactation. The stage of lactation emerged as the main source of variation of CH4 production, followed by the breed x stage of lactation interaction, breed, and parity. The breed x parity interaction did not significantly affect the variability of CH4 production. The CH4 production curve during lactation showed a trend similar to that of milk production, but with a delayed peak. The analyses revealed that CH4 emissions increase with parity, with the most marked difference observed between the first and second calving. The results also highlighted that cows of the highest-producing breed, the Italian Holstein, have a higher individual daily CH4 production compared to cows of the other breeds. However, their CH4 emissions are lower when expressed per kg of milk produced and kg of dry matter intake.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87545