The Valdostana cattle breed is an population native to the Alpine arc including two breeds, the Aosta Red Pied cattle (VPR) and the Aosta Black Pied-Chestnut (VPN-CAST). Nearly all animals are raised in the Aosta Valley, with a smaller number found in Piedmont. Both breeds are well known for their hardiness, longevity, and their role in the production of traditional products such as Fontina DOP and Toma di Gressoney. They also holds cultural importance, having been strictly connected with the local human population for centuries. Furthermore, VPN-CAST is involved in the well-known cow competitions traditional competition called “Batailles de Reines”. Due to their combative temperament, combined with milk and meat production capabilities, VPN-CAST cattle is considered a triple-purpose breed. This study aimed to investigate genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) in productive and functional traits, using data provided by the ANABORAVA association, with the goal of supporting and improving breeding programs. Two approaches were tested to define the environmental covariate: the first involved calculating the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) from farm-specific climatic data, but the variance components obtained were negligible. For this reason, HTD solutions were used, derived from the traditional milk model. An animal model was applied to estimate variance components and heritabilities. Subsequently, the environmental covariate was introduced into a reaction norm model to evaluate the impact of GxE on the traits analyzed. The productive phenotypes included in the dataset were: milk, fat, and protein yields (expressed in kg and percentage). In the functional traits dataset, somatic cell score (SCS) and fertility—measured as calving-to-conception interval—were analyzed. As a result, we found that the Valdostana Pezzata Rossa cows produce on average 14 kg of milk per day, with 3.45% fat and 3.27% protein content. The Nera-Castana cows produce about 11 kg of milk daily, with 3.39% fat and 3.39% protein. As the number of lactations increases, milk yield also increases, while fat and protein percentages show a slight decrease. Heritability estimates for productive traits were moderate: for milk yield (kg), heritability was 0.25 [0.23; 0.26] in Valdostana Pezzata Rossa and 0.28 [0.27; 0.30] in Valdostana Pezzata Nera-Castana. Heritabilities for functional traits were lower. The variance for the GxE component was low for all the target tratis, however existing. The covariance between the G and GxE interaction component was present but limited for productive traits, while it appeared to have a negative impact on functional traits. It is important to note that increases in SCS and calving-to-conception interval indicate poorer animal performance. The GxE interaction was also evident in the changing positions (re-ranking) of bulls breeding values, with a more pronounced re-ranking observed for functional traits compared to productive ones. This result suggests that the expression of the genetic component of traits is mediated by interaction with environmental factors, with varying magnitudes depending on the traits and phenotypes considered. The interaction is, in fact, greater for productive traits than for functional traits. Furthermore, the literature shows that GxE interactions involving productive traits are more evident in specialized breeds than in rustic ones, suggesting greater resilience in the latter. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the Valdostana cattle breed and GxE interactions for productive and functional traits, offering useful information to support future breeding strategies.
La Valdostana è una popolazione bovina autoctona dell’arco alpino, di cui sono riconosciute le razze Valdostana Pezzata Rossa (VPR) e Valdostana Pezzata Nera-Castana (VPN-CAST), gestite dalla stessa associazione di razza, ANABORAVA. Entrambe le razze sono note per la loro rusticità, longevità e per la produzione di prodotti tipici come la Fontina DOP e la Toma di Gressoney, ma anche per l’aspetto culturale che rivestono. Entrambe le razze sono infatti legate alle tradizioni e alla storia del territorio in cui sono allevate. La VPN-CAST, inoltre, è protagonista di importanti competizioni tra bovine chiamate “Batailles de Reines”. Il carattere combattivo di queste bovine, insieme alla produzione di latte e carne, la rende una razza a triplice attitudine. Con questo studio si è voluto evidenziare l’interazione genotipo-ambiente (GxE) nei caratteri produttivi e funzionali delle bovine di Valdostana, utilizzando dati provenienti da ANABORAVA, al fine di migliorare i piani di selezione. Sono stati utilizzati due approcci per determinare la covariata ambientale: il primo calcolando l’indice combinato di temperatura e umidità, o THI, il secondo considerando invece l’ambiente produttivo, stimato utilizzando le soluzioni dell’effetto azienda-giorno di rilievo, o herd-test-day (HTD), tramite il modello classico del latte. Nel primo caso le componenti di varianza sono risultate trascurabili; per questo motivo è stato poi applicato soltanto il secondo approccio. Per stimare le componenti di varianza e di ereditabilità è stato utilizzato un Animal Model. Successivamente, è stata introdotta la covariata ambientale in un Reaction Norm Model per verificare l’impatto dell’interazione genotipo-ambiente nei caratteri analizzati. I fenotipi considerati per le analisi sono: latte, grasso e proteine (questi ultimi espressi in kg e %), SCS e la fertilità, quest’ultima intesa come intervallo parto-concepimento. Le analisi hanno evidenziato che la bovina VPR produce in media 14 kg di latte al giorno, con una percentuale del 3,45% di grasso e del 3,27% di proteine. La VPN-CAST produce in media 11 kg di latte al giorno, con una percentuale del 3,39% di grasso e del 3,39% di proteine. L’ereditabilità per i caratteri produttivi è moderata: in particolare, per il latte (kg) è 0,25 [0,23; 0,26] per la VPR e 0,28 [0,27; 0,30] per la VPN-CAST; per i caratteri funzionali, invece, si riduce. La varianza legata all’interazione GxE è risultata complessivamente ridotta per tutti i caratteri oggetto di studio, quantunque presente. La covarianza tra le varianze G e GxE è positiva per i caratteri produttivi, mentre risulta negativa per quelli funzionali. È importante ricordare che un aumento dei valori di SCS e intervallo parto-concepimento rappresenta un peggioramento delle performance dell’animale. La presenza di interazioni GxE è stata poi osservata anche nella variazione delle posizioni in classifica (re-ranking) valutata sui breeding values dei tori: si è notato un maggiore re-ranking nei caratteri funzionali rispetto a quelli produttivi. Questo risultato suggerisce che l’espressione della componente genetica dei caratteri sia mediata dall’interazione con le componenti ambientali, con entità diverse a seconda dei caratteri e dei fenotipi considerati. L’interazione risulta infatti maggiore per i caratteri produttivi rispetto ai caratteri funzionali. Guardando in bibliografia è stato possibile osservare, inoltre, come le interazioni GxE che coinvolgono i caratteri produttivi siano più evidenti nelle razze specializzate che in quelle rustiche, suggerendo una maggior resilienza di queste ultime. In conclusione, questo studio fornisce informazioni utili riguardanti la razza bovina Valdostana e l’interazione GxE per i caratteri produttivi e funzionali, offrendo nozioni utili e applicabili nei piani di selezione.
Studio delle interazioni genotipo ambiente su caratteri produttivi e funzionali nella razza bovina Valdostana
BRUGNARO, ELENA
2024/2025
Abstract
The Valdostana cattle breed is an population native to the Alpine arc including two breeds, the Aosta Red Pied cattle (VPR) and the Aosta Black Pied-Chestnut (VPN-CAST). Nearly all animals are raised in the Aosta Valley, with a smaller number found in Piedmont. Both breeds are well known for their hardiness, longevity, and their role in the production of traditional products such as Fontina DOP and Toma di Gressoney. They also holds cultural importance, having been strictly connected with the local human population for centuries. Furthermore, VPN-CAST is involved in the well-known cow competitions traditional competition called “Batailles de Reines”. Due to their combative temperament, combined with milk and meat production capabilities, VPN-CAST cattle is considered a triple-purpose breed. This study aimed to investigate genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) in productive and functional traits, using data provided by the ANABORAVA association, with the goal of supporting and improving breeding programs. Two approaches were tested to define the environmental covariate: the first involved calculating the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) from farm-specific climatic data, but the variance components obtained were negligible. For this reason, HTD solutions were used, derived from the traditional milk model. An animal model was applied to estimate variance components and heritabilities. Subsequently, the environmental covariate was introduced into a reaction norm model to evaluate the impact of GxE on the traits analyzed. The productive phenotypes included in the dataset were: milk, fat, and protein yields (expressed in kg and percentage). In the functional traits dataset, somatic cell score (SCS) and fertility—measured as calving-to-conception interval—were analyzed. As a result, we found that the Valdostana Pezzata Rossa cows produce on average 14 kg of milk per day, with 3.45% fat and 3.27% protein content. The Nera-Castana cows produce about 11 kg of milk daily, with 3.39% fat and 3.39% protein. As the number of lactations increases, milk yield also increases, while fat and protein percentages show a slight decrease. Heritability estimates for productive traits were moderate: for milk yield (kg), heritability was 0.25 [0.23; 0.26] in Valdostana Pezzata Rossa and 0.28 [0.27; 0.30] in Valdostana Pezzata Nera-Castana. Heritabilities for functional traits were lower. The variance for the GxE component was low for all the target tratis, however existing. The covariance between the G and GxE interaction component was present but limited for productive traits, while it appeared to have a negative impact on functional traits. It is important to note that increases in SCS and calving-to-conception interval indicate poorer animal performance. The GxE interaction was also evident in the changing positions (re-ranking) of bulls breeding values, with a more pronounced re-ranking observed for functional traits compared to productive ones. This result suggests that the expression of the genetic component of traits is mediated by interaction with environmental factors, with varying magnitudes depending on the traits and phenotypes considered. The interaction is, in fact, greater for productive traits than for functional traits. Furthermore, the literature shows that GxE interactions involving productive traits are more evident in specialized breeds than in rustic ones, suggesting greater resilience in the latter. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the Valdostana cattle breed and GxE interactions for productive and functional traits, offering useful information to support future breeding strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87546