In pig nutrition, proteins play a fundamental role from both an economic and environmental standpoint. To date, soybean meal is the most widely used ingredient to fulfill protein requirements, but its use is increasingly controversial due to concerns related to environmental sustainability, competition for land between livestock feed and food crops, competition with human nutrition, and price volatility in the global market. Therefore, it becomes necessary to explore alternative protein sources for the feeding of fattening pigs. The microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) appears to be a promising candidate due to its high protein content, antioxidant properties, and the fact that it can be cultivated without the use of arable land. However, to date, studies investigating the complete replacement of soybean meal with spirulina, and especially the impact of such dietary modifications of the intestinal microbiota, remain insufficient. This study aimed to characterize the gut microbiota of 60 pigs to explore diet-related differences and investigate potential associations with traits of interest in fattening pigs. The pigs were randomly assigned to one of four isoenergetic, isoproteic, and isoaminoacidic dietary treatments. The control diet (CTR) was a standard formulation for heavy pigs used for PDO dry-cured ham production, mainly based on cereals and soybean meal. The experimental diets replaced 33%, 66%, and 100% (SP33, SP66, and SP100, respectively) of the soybean meal with a spirulina-based concentrate designed to mimic the nutritional profile of soybean meal. Fecal samples were collected at two time points: T1, during the second feeding phase (168 days of age, 117.1 ± 5.9 kg average weight), and T2, before slaughter (230 days of age, 174.5 ± 7.3 kg average weight). Bioinformatic analyses showed differences in the relative abundances of phyla and genera based on both sampling time and diet. At the phylum level, Bacillota was the most abundant group, representing 80% at T1 and 85.4% at T2, followed by Bacteroidota (11.4% at T1 and 10.6% at T2) and Spirochaetota (5.3% at T1 and 2.1% at T2). Regarding the diet effect, Bacillota decreased from 84.8% in the CTR group to 81.1% in the SP100 group. In contrast, Bacteroidota increased from 9% to 12.4%, and Spirochaetota from 3.3% to 4% in the same groups. The β-diversity analysis revealed differences related to both sampling time and diet in terms of microbiota structure and composition. Moreover, a higher abundance of the genus Cellulosolyticum was observed at T2 in the SP diets compared to the control, which has been identified in other studies as a positive indicator of gut health. Investigating correlations between differentially abundant genera and phenotypic traits, Treponema and Cryptobacteroides were positively correlated with fat thickness both in vivo and post mortem, but negatively correlated with carcass, ham, and loin weights. Conversely, the genus Lachnoclostridium showed the opposite trend. In conclusion, dietary changes led to variations in the fecal microbiota of pigs, with the most pronounced effects observed in animals fed a diet in which soybean meal was completely replaced by spirulina.
Nell’alimentazione del suino, le proteine rivestono un ruolo cruciale sotto il profilo economico e ambientale. Attualmente, la soia rappresenta la principale fonte proteica, ma il suo impiego è sempre più discusso per questioni legate alla sostenibilità, alla competizione per l’uso del suolo tra zootecnia e colture alimentari, alla concorrenza con l'alimentazione umana e alla volatilità dei prezzi globali. Diventa quindi essenziale individuare fonti proteiche alternative per l’alimentazione dei suini da ingrasso. La microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) si propone come valida candidata grazie all’elevato contenuto proteico, alle proprietà antiossidanti e alla possibilità di coltivazione senza suolo. Tuttavia, gli studi sulla sostituzione totale della soia con spirulina, in particolare sull’effetto sul microbiota intestinale, restano ancora limitati. Il presente studio ha avuto come obiettivo la caratterizzazione del microbiota intestinale di 60 suini al fine esplorare le differenze legate alla dieta e le eventuali relazioni con i caratteri di interesse nei suini all’ingrasso. I suini sono stati assegnati in modo casuale a quattro gruppi alimentari caratterizzati da diete isoenergetiche, isoproteiche e isoaminoacidiche. La dieta di controllo (CTR), a base di cerali e farina di soia, era rappresentativa dell’alimentazione tipica dei suini pesanti destinati alla produzione di prosciutti crudi DOP. mentre le tre diete sperimentali (SP33, SP66, SP100), sostituivano rispettivamente il 33%, 66% e 100% della farina di soia con un nucleo di spirulina, formulato per riprodurne il profilo nutrizionale. I campioni fecali sono stati raccolti in due tempi: T1, durante la seconda fase di alimentazione (168 giorni di età, 117,1 ± 5,9 kg di peso medio), e T2, prima della macellazione (230 giorni di età, 174,5 ± 7,3 kg di peso medio). Le analisi bioinformatiche hanno mostrato differenze nelle abbondanze relative dei phyla e dei generi sia in relazione al tempo di campionamento che all'effetto della dieta. A livello di phylum, quello dei Bacillota è risultato essere il gruppo più abbondante rappresentando l'80% al T1 e l'85,4% al T2, seguito da Bacteroidota (11,4% a T1 e 10,6% a T2) e Spirochaetota (5,3% a T1 e 2,1% a T2). Considerando l’effetto della dieta, Bacillota si è ridotto passando dall’84,8% nel gruppo CTR all’81,1% nel gruppo SP100. Al contrario, Bacteroidota ha mostrato un incremento dal 9% al 12,4%, mentre Spirochaetota è aumentato dal 3,3% al 4% tra i medesimi gruppi. L’analisi della β-diversity ha mostrato differenze nell'effetto della dieta sulla struttura e composizione del microbiota. Inoltre, al tempo T2, le diete SP hanno mostrato un’aumentata abbondanza del genere Cellulosolyticum rispetto al controllo, un indicatore positivo della salute intestinale. I generi Treponema e Cryptobacteroides sono risultati positivamente correlati con lo spessore del grasso (rilevato sia in vivo che post mortem) e negativamente con i parametri produttivi relativi a peso di carcassa, cosce e lombi; Lachnoclostridium invece ha mostrato correlazioni di segno opposto. In conclusione, la sostituzione della farina di soia con spirulina ha modulato il microbiota fecale dei suini, con alterazioni più pronunciate nei soggetti alimentati con la dieta SP100, ovvero dove la farina di soia è stata sostituita completamente con il nucleo di spirulina.
Variazioni nel microbiota fecale di suini pesanti alimentati con livelli crescenti di Arthrospira platensis mediante sequenziamento del gene 16S rRNA
MIRANDOLA, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
In pig nutrition, proteins play a fundamental role from both an economic and environmental standpoint. To date, soybean meal is the most widely used ingredient to fulfill protein requirements, but its use is increasingly controversial due to concerns related to environmental sustainability, competition for land between livestock feed and food crops, competition with human nutrition, and price volatility in the global market. Therefore, it becomes necessary to explore alternative protein sources for the feeding of fattening pigs. The microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) appears to be a promising candidate due to its high protein content, antioxidant properties, and the fact that it can be cultivated without the use of arable land. However, to date, studies investigating the complete replacement of soybean meal with spirulina, and especially the impact of such dietary modifications of the intestinal microbiota, remain insufficient. This study aimed to characterize the gut microbiota of 60 pigs to explore diet-related differences and investigate potential associations with traits of interest in fattening pigs. The pigs were randomly assigned to one of four isoenergetic, isoproteic, and isoaminoacidic dietary treatments. The control diet (CTR) was a standard formulation for heavy pigs used for PDO dry-cured ham production, mainly based on cereals and soybean meal. The experimental diets replaced 33%, 66%, and 100% (SP33, SP66, and SP100, respectively) of the soybean meal with a spirulina-based concentrate designed to mimic the nutritional profile of soybean meal. Fecal samples were collected at two time points: T1, during the second feeding phase (168 days of age, 117.1 ± 5.9 kg average weight), and T2, before slaughter (230 days of age, 174.5 ± 7.3 kg average weight). Bioinformatic analyses showed differences in the relative abundances of phyla and genera based on both sampling time and diet. At the phylum level, Bacillota was the most abundant group, representing 80% at T1 and 85.4% at T2, followed by Bacteroidota (11.4% at T1 and 10.6% at T2) and Spirochaetota (5.3% at T1 and 2.1% at T2). Regarding the diet effect, Bacillota decreased from 84.8% in the CTR group to 81.1% in the SP100 group. In contrast, Bacteroidota increased from 9% to 12.4%, and Spirochaetota from 3.3% to 4% in the same groups. The β-diversity analysis revealed differences related to both sampling time and diet in terms of microbiota structure and composition. Moreover, a higher abundance of the genus Cellulosolyticum was observed at T2 in the SP diets compared to the control, which has been identified in other studies as a positive indicator of gut health. Investigating correlations between differentially abundant genera and phenotypic traits, Treponema and Cryptobacteroides were positively correlated with fat thickness both in vivo and post mortem, but negatively correlated with carcass, ham, and loin weights. Conversely, the genus Lachnoclostridium showed the opposite trend. In conclusion, dietary changes led to variations in the fecal microbiota of pigs, with the most pronounced effects observed in animals fed a diet in which soybean meal was completely replaced by spirulina.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87550