Ciguatoxins are potent naturally occurring xenobiotics produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, which can bioaccumulate in fish through the marine food chain. Consumption of fish contaminated with these toxins can lead to ciguatera fish poisoning, a foodborne illness characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms. Although historically confined to tropical regions, ciguatera is now considered an emerging food safety risk in temperate areas, including the Mediterranean, due to climate change, ocean warming, and the increasing globalization of seafood markets. This thesis examines ciguatoxins from a food hygiene and safety perspective, focusing on their chemical, toxicological, and regulatory aspects. It analyzes the toxins’ mechanisms of action, geographic distribution, contamination pathways, and potential health effects on humans. The study highlights current challenges, including the lack of specific regulatory limits and the difficulty of detecting ciguatoxins in seafood products. Finally, it discusses existing prevention, monitoring, and risk management strategies, emphasizing the need for an integrated food safety approach to effectively address this emerging hazard.
Le ciguatossine sono potenti xenoiotici di origine naturale prodotti da microalghe del genere Gambierdiscus e Fukuyoa, che possono accumularsi nei pesci lungo la catena alimentare marina. Il consumo di pesce contaminato da queste tossine può causare la ciguatera, una sindrome da intossicazione alimentare caratterizzata da sintomi gastrointestinali, neurologici e cardiovascolari. Sebbene tradizionalmente diffusa in aree tropicali, la ciguatera rappresenta oggi un rischio emergente anche in zone temperate, come il Mediterraneo, a causa del cambiamento climatico, della tropicalizzazione dei mari e della crescente globalizzazione del mercato ittico. Questa tesi esamina le ciguatossine da una prospettiva igienico-sanitaria, con particolare attenzione agli aspetti chimici, tossicologici e normativi. Vengono analizzati i meccanismi di azione delle tossine, la loro distribuzione geografica, le modalità di contaminazione e i potenziali effetti sulla salute umana. Si evidenziano le criticità legate all’assenza di limiti normativi specifici e alla difficoltà di rilevazione analitica nei prodotti della pesca. Infine, si discutono le attuali strategie di prevenzione, monitoraggio e gestione del rischio, sottolineando l'importanza di un approccio integrato alla sicurezza alimentare in risposta a questo pericolo emergente.
ciguatossine, un rischio emergente
TREGNAGO, SAMUELE
2024/2025
Abstract
Ciguatoxins are potent naturally occurring xenobiotics produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, which can bioaccumulate in fish through the marine food chain. Consumption of fish contaminated with these toxins can lead to ciguatera fish poisoning, a foodborne illness characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms. Although historically confined to tropical regions, ciguatera is now considered an emerging food safety risk in temperate areas, including the Mediterranean, due to climate change, ocean warming, and the increasing globalization of seafood markets. This thesis examines ciguatoxins from a food hygiene and safety perspective, focusing on their chemical, toxicological, and regulatory aspects. It analyzes the toxins’ mechanisms of action, geographic distribution, contamination pathways, and potential health effects on humans. The study highlights current challenges, including the lack of specific regulatory limits and the difficulty of detecting ciguatoxins in seafood products. Finally, it discusses existing prevention, monitoring, and risk management strategies, emphasizing the need for an integrated food safety approach to effectively address this emerging hazard.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87669