In the contemporary landscape of competitive sports, there is a growing recognition of the crucial role that psychological skills play in determining athletic performance and promoting the psycho-physical well-being of athletes. Sporting effectiveness does not depend solely on technical and physical preparation but also— and increasingly documented—on the ability to adaptively manage competitive pressure, emotional difficulties, and unforeseen challenges. Among the psychological resources identified as protective and performance-enhancing, Mental Toughness (MT) has received growing attention in the scientific literature (Gucciardi et al., 2015). MT refers to a set of stable dispositions that influence how individuals deal with stressful, competitive, or critical situations. According to Clough et al. (2002), Mental Toughness is “a personality trait that largely determines how people respond to challenges, stress, and pressure, regardless of circumstances.” The 4C model—Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence—breaks down MT into four interdependent components that together outline a profile of psychological resilience essential in sports. Mentally tough athletes are able to maintain emotional and behavioral control under pressure, demonstrate high commitment to their goals, interpret adversity as an opportunity for growth, and possess strong self-confidence, both individually and interpersonally. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive relationship between MT and variables such as self-efficacy, resilience, sport satisfaction, and the ability to handle mental workload during competition (Crust, 2007; Cowden et al., 2016). Alongside MT, Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEI) is another essential factor in athletes' psychological regulation. TEI, developed by Petrides et al. (2007), refers to dispositional traits reflecting individuals’ self-perceived emotional competencies. Unlike the ability-based approach (ability EI), TEI focuses on stable personality characteristics that influence how people perceive, understand, express, and manage their own emotions and those of others. In sports, higher levels of TEI have been linked to greater ability to cope with pressure, regulate dysfunctional emotional states, and engage effectively with teammates, coaches, and opponents. The TEIQue (Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire) is the most widely used tool for assessing this construct and has shown significant correlations with Mental Toughness in various studies (Nicholls et al., 2009; Laborde et al., 2016). Theoretical connections between MT and TEI are based on the idea that emotion regulation and psychological balance under stress are prerequisites for developing a resilient, challenge-oriented mindset. However, the nature of their interaction—especially in relation to athletes’ competition level—remains underexplored. It is plausible to hypothesize that the psychological demands of high-level athletes differ from those at a medium level not only in intensity but also in quality and complexity. In light of these considerations, the present study aims to explore the relationship between Mental Toughness and Trait Emotional Intelligence in a sample of medium- and high-level athletes. The twofold objective is: (1) to examine potential significant differences between the two groups in the psychological dimensions measured, and (2) to verify whether trait emotional intelligence can serve as a significant predictor of mental toughness. The expected results may offer both theoretical and practical insights for designing psychological interventions aimed at strengthening athletes’ internal resources, ultimately supporting both performance and the long-term sustainability of competitive engagement.
Nel panorama contemporaneo dello sport agonistico, è sempre più riconosciuto il ruolo cruciale delle competenze psicologiche nel determinare la qualità della prestazione atletica e il benessere psico-fisico dell’atleta. Le performance non dipendono esclusivamente dalla preparazione tecnica e fisica, ma anche dalla capacità di fronteggiare in modo adattivo le pressioni della competizione, le difficoltà emotive e gli imprevisti. Tra le risorse psicologiche identificate come protettive e facilitanti, la Mental Toughness (MT) ha ricevuto crescente attenzione scientifica (Gucciardi et al., 2015). Si tratta di un costrutto che descrive il modo in cui l’individuo affronta situazioni stressanti e competitive. Clough et al. (2002) definiscono la MT come “un tratto della personalità che determina, in gran parte, il modo in cui le persone rispondono alle sfide, allo stress e alla pressione, indipendentemente dalle circostanze”. Il modello delle 4C – Control, Commitment, Challenge e Confidence – articola la MT in quattro componenti interdipendenti che delineano un profilo di resilienza mentale fondamentale nello sport. Gli atleti mentalmente forti mantengono il controllo emotivo e comportamentale anche sotto pressione, mostrano elevato impegno verso i propri obiettivi, considerano le difficoltà come opportunità di crescita e possiedono una forte fiducia in sé stessi e nelle proprie relazioni interpersonali. Numerose ricerche confermano la relazione positiva tra MT e variabili come autoefficacia, resilienza, soddisfazione sportiva e capacità di gestire lo stress competitivo (Crust, 2007; Cowden et al., 2016). Accanto a questo costrutto, anche l’Intelligenza Emotiva di Tratto (TEI) si configura come un elemento centrale nella regolazione psicologica dell’atleta. La TEI, elaborata da Petrides et al. (2007), fa riferimento a tratti disposizionali che riflettono la percezione soggettiva delle proprie competenze emotive, distinguendosi dall’approccio basato su abilità misurabili (ability EI). La TEI comprende la capacità di comprendere, regolare e utilizzare le emozioni per orientarsi nella propria esperienza quotidiana. Nel contesto sportivo, elevati livelli di TEI sono stati associati a una maggiore capacità di affrontare la pressione, regolare gli stati emotivi disfunzionali e relazionarsi in modo efficace con compagni, allenatori e avversari. Il TEIQue rappresenta lo strumento più diffuso per misurare questo costrutto e ha mostrato correlazioni significative con la Mental Toughness in diversi studi (Nicholls et al., 2009; Laborde et al., 2016). Le connessioni teoriche tra MT e TEI suggeriscono che la regolazione emotiva e l’equilibrio psicologico sotto stress siano prerequisiti per sviluppare una mentalità resiliente. Tuttavia, la relazione tra i due costrutti, soprattutto in funzione del livello di competizione degli atleti, è ancora poco esplorata. È plausibile ritenere che le esigenze psicologiche di atleti di alto livello differiscano, non solo per intensità, ma anche per qualità, da quelle degli atleti di livello medio. Alla luce di ciò, il presente lavoro si propone di indagare il rapporto tra MT e TEI in un campione di atleti di livello medio e alto, con due obiettivi principali: (1) esplorare eventuali differenze significative tra i due gruppi nei punteggi delle rispettive dimensioni psicologiche, e (2) verificare se l’intelligenza emotiva di tratto possa rappresentare un predittore significativo della Mental Toughness. I risultati attesi potrebbero offrire spunti teorici e pratici utili alla progettazione di interventi psicologici mirati a rafforzare le risorse interne dell’atleta, migliorandone non solo la performance, ma anche la sostenibilità del percorso agonistico.
Mental Toughness e Intelligenza Emotiva di tratto nello sport di medio e alto livello
CRESTO-FERRINO, DAVIDE
2024/2025
Abstract
In the contemporary landscape of competitive sports, there is a growing recognition of the crucial role that psychological skills play in determining athletic performance and promoting the psycho-physical well-being of athletes. Sporting effectiveness does not depend solely on technical and physical preparation but also— and increasingly documented—on the ability to adaptively manage competitive pressure, emotional difficulties, and unforeseen challenges. Among the psychological resources identified as protective and performance-enhancing, Mental Toughness (MT) has received growing attention in the scientific literature (Gucciardi et al., 2015). MT refers to a set of stable dispositions that influence how individuals deal with stressful, competitive, or critical situations. According to Clough et al. (2002), Mental Toughness is “a personality trait that largely determines how people respond to challenges, stress, and pressure, regardless of circumstances.” The 4C model—Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence—breaks down MT into four interdependent components that together outline a profile of psychological resilience essential in sports. Mentally tough athletes are able to maintain emotional and behavioral control under pressure, demonstrate high commitment to their goals, interpret adversity as an opportunity for growth, and possess strong self-confidence, both individually and interpersonally. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive relationship between MT and variables such as self-efficacy, resilience, sport satisfaction, and the ability to handle mental workload during competition (Crust, 2007; Cowden et al., 2016). Alongside MT, Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEI) is another essential factor in athletes' psychological regulation. TEI, developed by Petrides et al. (2007), refers to dispositional traits reflecting individuals’ self-perceived emotional competencies. Unlike the ability-based approach (ability EI), TEI focuses on stable personality characteristics that influence how people perceive, understand, express, and manage their own emotions and those of others. In sports, higher levels of TEI have been linked to greater ability to cope with pressure, regulate dysfunctional emotional states, and engage effectively with teammates, coaches, and opponents. The TEIQue (Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire) is the most widely used tool for assessing this construct and has shown significant correlations with Mental Toughness in various studies (Nicholls et al., 2009; Laborde et al., 2016). Theoretical connections between MT and TEI are based on the idea that emotion regulation and psychological balance under stress are prerequisites for developing a resilient, challenge-oriented mindset. However, the nature of their interaction—especially in relation to athletes’ competition level—remains underexplored. It is plausible to hypothesize that the psychological demands of high-level athletes differ from those at a medium level not only in intensity but also in quality and complexity. In light of these considerations, the present study aims to explore the relationship between Mental Toughness and Trait Emotional Intelligence in a sample of medium- and high-level athletes. The twofold objective is: (1) to examine potential significant differences between the two groups in the psychological dimensions measured, and (2) to verify whether trait emotional intelligence can serve as a significant predictor of mental toughness. The expected results may offer both theoretical and practical insights for designing psychological interventions aimed at strengthening athletes’ internal resources, ultimately supporting both performance and the long-term sustainability of competitive engagement.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/88765