In the current era of precision oncology, treatment effectiveness cannot be dissociated from a comprehensive and integrated understanding of the patient. Within this context, the correlation between pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics represents an essential pillar for therapy individualization. However, it must be interpreted within the broader framework of the patient's overall clinical profile, which should consider all factors contributing to both inter-individual and intra-individual variability. Pharmacogenetics focuses on analyzing individual genetic variants, providing predictive information regarding drug response and potential toxicity. Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, particularly through the implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), quantifies actual drug exposure, which is influenced by dynamic and non-predictable variables. For a truly patient-centered therapeutic approach, it is, therefore, crucial to integrate pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic data with a critical evaluation of the entire pharmacological regimen. In this regard, medication review constitutes a fundamental clinical tool. It involves a systematic, structured, and critical analysis of all medications taken by the patient, aiming to identify potential issues such as drug-drug interactions, therapeutic duplications, inappropriate prescriptions, or clinical conditions that may compromise the efficacy and safety of treatments. This practice is especially relevant in oncology patients receiving multiple therapies, who are frequently subjected to complex treatment regimens and are at increased risk of adverse events, particularly when drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are involved. Such complexity and clinical heterogeneity require an in-depth pharmacological evaluation conducted by the clinical pharmacist, who plays a pivotal role in the interpretation and integration of genetic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic data within a comprehensive model of care. The present experimental thesis aims to investigate the correlation between the individual genetic profile of polytreated oncology patients and the toxicities observed during therapy, by analyzing plasma drug concentrations and performing a comprehensive review of concomitant pharmacological treatments. This assessment will focus specifically on female patients diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who are eligible for treatment with ribociclib or abemaciclib, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors, in combination with endocrine therapy. By identifying potential pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic biomarkers predictive of toxicity and therapeutic response, this study seeks to provide a solid scientific rationale to support the proactive integration of pharmacogenetic testing and the reactive monitoring of plasma concentrations and drug interactions during follow-up. The ultimate goal is to promote the inclusion of these practices into routine clinical management, thereby optimizing clinical outcomes in this patient population.
In un’epoca di oncologia di precisione, l’efficacia del trattamento non può prescindere da una visione integrata e completa del paziente. In questo contesto, la correlazione tra farmacogenetica e farmacocinetica rappresenta un pilastro imprescindibile per personalizzare la terapia, ma è necessariamente parte di un quadro più ampio del profilo clinico complessivo del paziente, che deve considerare tutti i parametri introducenti variabilità inter-individuale e intra-individuale. Mentre la farmacogenetica analizza le varianti genetiche del singolo paziente, fornendo informazioni predittive sulla risposta farmacologica e sulla tossicità, la farmacocinetica, tramite la pratica del therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), quantifica l'esposizione al farmaco, influenzata da fattori dinamici e non predeterminabili. Ai fini di una personalizzazione della terapia pienamente incentrata sul paziente, è tuttavia cruciale integrare queste conoscenze con la valutazione attenta dell’intero trattamento farmacologico in atto. In questo senso, la revisione della terapia si configura come una pratica clinica essenziale, consistente in un’analisi sistematica, strutturata e critica di tutti i farmaci assunti dal paziente e finalizzata ad identificare potenziali problematiche legate a interazioni farmacologiche, duplicazioni terapeutiche, prescrizioni inappropriate o condizioni cliniche che potrebbero alterare l'efficacia e la sicurezza delle terapie. Oggi, tale revisione è particolarmente rilevante nei pazienti oncologici politrattati, spesso soggetti a regimi terapeutici complessi e a rischio maggiorato di eventi avversi, specialmente in presenza di farmaci a basso indice terapeutico. Questa eterogeneità globale nei trattamenti e nelle condizioni cliniche richiede pertanto una valutazione farmacologica approfondita da parte del farmacista clinico, il quale gioca un ruolo strategico nell’interpretazione e correlazione dei dati genetici, farmacocinetici e terapeutici in un’ottica di cura integrata. Il presente lavoro si propone di correlare il profilo genetico individuale del paziente oncologico politrattato con le tossicità manifestate durante la terapia, tramite l’analisi delle concentrazioni plasmatiche dei farmaci e la revisione delle terapie farmacologiche concomitanti. Questa valutazione avverrà specificamente nelle pazienti con diagnosi di tumore alla mammella in stadio localmente avanzato o metastatico che risultino candidabili al trattamento con ribociclib o abemaciclib, inibitori delle cicline chinasi-dipendenti 4 e 6 (CDK4/6), in associazione a terapia endocrina. Attraverso l’identificazione di potenziali biomarcatori farmacogenetici e farmacocinetici predittivi di tossicità e risposta terapeutica, lo studio mira a fornire solide basi scientifiche per legittimare e promuovere l’integrazione a priori dell’analisi farmacogenetica e il monitoraggio a posteriori delle concentrazioni plasmatiche e delle interazioni farmacologiche durante il follow-up, con l’obiettivo di rendere queste pratiche parte integrante della gestione clinica standard al fine di ottimizzare gli esiti clinici in questa popolazione.
Personalizzazione delle cure nel carcinoma mammario: dall'analisi farmacogenetica e farmacocinetica alla revisione della (poli)terapia farmacologica
FAVRETTO, LISA
2024/2025
Abstract
In the current era of precision oncology, treatment effectiveness cannot be dissociated from a comprehensive and integrated understanding of the patient. Within this context, the correlation between pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics represents an essential pillar for therapy individualization. However, it must be interpreted within the broader framework of the patient's overall clinical profile, which should consider all factors contributing to both inter-individual and intra-individual variability. Pharmacogenetics focuses on analyzing individual genetic variants, providing predictive information regarding drug response and potential toxicity. Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, particularly through the implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), quantifies actual drug exposure, which is influenced by dynamic and non-predictable variables. For a truly patient-centered therapeutic approach, it is, therefore, crucial to integrate pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic data with a critical evaluation of the entire pharmacological regimen. In this regard, medication review constitutes a fundamental clinical tool. It involves a systematic, structured, and critical analysis of all medications taken by the patient, aiming to identify potential issues such as drug-drug interactions, therapeutic duplications, inappropriate prescriptions, or clinical conditions that may compromise the efficacy and safety of treatments. This practice is especially relevant in oncology patients receiving multiple therapies, who are frequently subjected to complex treatment regimens and are at increased risk of adverse events, particularly when drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are involved. Such complexity and clinical heterogeneity require an in-depth pharmacological evaluation conducted by the clinical pharmacist, who plays a pivotal role in the interpretation and integration of genetic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic data within a comprehensive model of care. The present experimental thesis aims to investigate the correlation between the individual genetic profile of polytreated oncology patients and the toxicities observed during therapy, by analyzing plasma drug concentrations and performing a comprehensive review of concomitant pharmacological treatments. This assessment will focus specifically on female patients diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who are eligible for treatment with ribociclib or abemaciclib, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors, in combination with endocrine therapy. By identifying potential pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic biomarkers predictive of toxicity and therapeutic response, this study seeks to provide a solid scientific rationale to support the proactive integration of pharmacogenetic testing and the reactive monitoring of plasma concentrations and drug interactions during follow-up. The ultimate goal is to promote the inclusion of these practices into routine clinical management, thereby optimizing clinical outcomes in this patient population.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/89736