Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric conditions of the modern era, with an estimated prevalence of 7% to 10% in the adult population. It is clinically characterized by the presence of a depressed mood and/or anhedonia, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms, including sleep disturbances, appetite changes, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, cognitive deficits, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. From a pathophysiological perspective, the disorder involves dysfunctions in monoaminergic neurotransmission (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) and in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent evidence has led to the emergence of a new hypothesis in the pathogenesis of depression, known as the glutamatergic theory. According to this theory, the hyperactivation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by glutamate contributes to synaptic dysregulation through increased intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations, ultimately leading to the phenomenon known as excitotoxicity. Scientific advances in this field culminated in 2019 with the approval of (S)-ketamine, or esketamine (Spravato®), a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist that has been shown to be effective in treatment-resistant depression. However, its use is limited due to its potential for abuse and well-documented psychotomimetic side effects. These limitations have prompted the search for alternative molecules that retain the antidepressant efficacy of esketamine while minimizing adverse psychotropic effects. Picenadol, developed in the 1970s as an analgesic, is an opioid consisting of a racemic mixture of (3S,4R)-picenadol and (3R,4S)-picenadol, which act respectively as an opioid agonist and antagonist. Although the available evidence is dated and requires further study, both enantiomers appear to exhibit NMDA receptor antagonist activity. This thesis aims to develop an enantioselective synthetic approach for the preparation of optically pure (3R,4S)-picenadol and to construct a small library of structurally related analogues to evaluate the pharmacological activity of this chemotype at the NMDA receptor, while avoiding unwanted activation of opioid receptors. The resulting compounds will be tested in vitro through functional assays at the NMDA receptor, with the goal of identifying new potential antidepressant agents with an improved safety profile.
Il Disturbo Depressivo Maggiore (DDM) rappresenta una delle più comuni e invalidanti patologie psichiatriche dell’epoca moderna, con una prevalenza stimata tra il 7% e il 10% nella popolazione adulta. Si caratterizza clinicamente per la presenza di umore depresso e/o anedonia, associati ad almeno altri quattro sintomi, tra cui: disturbi del sonno, alterazioni dell’appetito, rallentamento o agitazione psicomotoria, affaticamento, autorimprovero o senso di colpa, deficit cognitivi e pensieri ricorrenti di morte o suicidio. Dal punto di vista fisiopatologico, il disturbo coinvolge disfunzioni della trasmissione monoaminergica (serotonina, noradrenalina, dopamina) e dell’asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrene. Evidenze recenti hanno portato all’affermazione di una nuova ipotesi nella patogenesi della depressione, nota come teoria glutammatergica. Secondo questa nuova teoria, l’iperattivazione del recettore dell’N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) da parte del glutammato, contribuisce alla disregolazione sinaptica a causa dell’aumento della concentrazione intracellulare di Ca2+, portando al cosiddetto fenomeno della eccitotossicità. La ricerca scientifica in questo campo ha portato nel 2019 all’approvazione della (S)-ketamina o esketamina (Spravato®), un antagonista non-competitivo del recettore NMDA, efficace nella terapia della depressione resistente. Tuttavia, l’utilizzo di questo farmaco è limitato dal potenziale di abuso e dai suoi noti effetti collaterali psicotomimetici. Ciò ha spinto la ricerca verso lo sviluppo di molecole alternative che mantengano l’attività antidepressiva dell’esketamina riducendo gli effetti psicotropi indesiderati. Il picenadolo, sviluppato come analgesico negli anni ‘70, è un oppioide costituito dalla miscela racemica di (3S,4R)-picenadolo e (3R,4S)-picenadolo, i quali agiscono rispettivamente da agonista ed antagonista del recettore oppioide. Sebbene le evidenze siano datate e poco accurate, entrambi gli enantiomeri sembrano avere attività antagonista nei confronti del recettore NMDA. Questa tesi si propone, di sviluppare un approccio sintetico enantioselettivo per l’ottenimento dell’enantiomero otticamente puro (3R,4S)-picenadolo, e di allestire una piccola libreria di analoghi strutturali al fine di valutare l’attività farmacologica di questo chemotipo nei confronti del recettore NMDA, escludendo l’effetto collaterale di attivazione del recettore oppioide. I composti ottenuti saranno testati in vitro con saggi funzionali sul recettore NMDA con l’obiettivo di individuare nuovi potenziali agenti antidepressivi con un miglior profilo di sicurezza.
STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOPURE (3R,4S)-PICENADOL ANALOGUES AS NOVEL N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
PENTASSUGLIA, NICOLÒ
2024/2025
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric conditions of the modern era, with an estimated prevalence of 7% to 10% in the adult population. It is clinically characterized by the presence of a depressed mood and/or anhedonia, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms, including sleep disturbances, appetite changes, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, cognitive deficits, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. From a pathophysiological perspective, the disorder involves dysfunctions in monoaminergic neurotransmission (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) and in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent evidence has led to the emergence of a new hypothesis in the pathogenesis of depression, known as the glutamatergic theory. According to this theory, the hyperactivation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by glutamate contributes to synaptic dysregulation through increased intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations, ultimately leading to the phenomenon known as excitotoxicity. Scientific advances in this field culminated in 2019 with the approval of (S)-ketamine, or esketamine (Spravato®), a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist that has been shown to be effective in treatment-resistant depression. However, its use is limited due to its potential for abuse and well-documented psychotomimetic side effects. These limitations have prompted the search for alternative molecules that retain the antidepressant efficacy of esketamine while minimizing adverse psychotropic effects. Picenadol, developed in the 1970s as an analgesic, is an opioid consisting of a racemic mixture of (3S,4R)-picenadol and (3R,4S)-picenadol, which act respectively as an opioid agonist and antagonist. Although the available evidence is dated and requires further study, both enantiomers appear to exhibit NMDA receptor antagonist activity. This thesis aims to develop an enantioselective synthetic approach for the preparation of optically pure (3R,4S)-picenadol and to construct a small library of structurally related analogues to evaluate the pharmacological activity of this chemotype at the NMDA receptor, while avoiding unwanted activation of opioid receptors. The resulting compounds will be tested in vitro through functional assays at the NMDA receptor, with the goal of identifying new potential antidepressant agents with an improved safety profile.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/89741