Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine-metabolic disorders affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a multifactorial etiology and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. This thesis, developed through an in-depth literature review, aims to analyze the main pathophysiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of PCOS. The fundamentals of the syndrome are described, with particular focus on ovarian physiology and hormonal regulation, as well as its etiology and the main associated risk factors. The thesis explores the typical hormonal and metabolic features of PCOS, such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, gonadotropin abnormalities, and obesity, alongside their effects on fertility, pregnancy, mental health, and quality of life. Diagnostic approaches are also addressed, considering the evolution of diagnostic criteria over time and the ongoing controversies. Special attention is given to therapeutic strategies, both pharmacological, including the main drugs used in PCOS management, and non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical activity, the role of sleep, dietary patterns (ketogenic and Mediterranean diets), nutritional supplementation, and modulation of the gut microbiota. Current literature highlights the effectiveness of an integrated approach, combining lifestyle interventions with targeted pharmacological treatments, particularly in cases with prominent metabolic manifestations. The aim of this thesis is not only to provide a broad, updated, and multidisciplinary overview of the syndrome, emphasizing its complexity and the importance of a personalized therapeutic approach, but also to raise awareness about a condition that remains largely underrecognized and often underestimated, despite its significant impact on the quality of life of affected women.
La sindrome dell’ovaio policistico (PCOS) è uno dei disturbi endocrino-metabolici più comuni tra le donne in età riproduttiva, caratterizzata da un’eziologia multifattoriale e da un ampio spettro di manifestazioni cliniche. Questa tesi, sviluppata attraverso una ricerca bibliografica approfondita, si propone di analizzare i principali aspetti fisiopatologici, clinici, diagnostici e terapeutici della PCOS. Vengono descritti i fondamenti della sindrome, con particolare attenzione alla fisiologia ovarica e alla regolazione ormonale, all’eziologia e ai principali fattori di rischio associati. Si approfondiscono le manifestazioni ormonali e metaboliche tipiche, quali iperinsulinemia, insulino-resistenza, iperandrogenismo, alterazioni gonadotropiniche e obesità, insieme agli effetti sulla fertilità, alla gravidanza e all’impatto sulla salute mentale e la qualità della vita. La tesi affronta anche gli approcci diagnostici, considerando l’evoluzione dei criteri nel tempo e le controversie ancora aperte. Infine, viene riservata particolare attenzione alle strategie terapeutiche, sia farmacologiche, includendo i principali farmaci impiegati nella gestione della PCOS, che non farmacologiche, come l’attività fisica, il ruolo del sonno, i modelli alimentari (chetogenico e mediterraneo), l’integrazione nutrizionale e la modulazione del microbiota intestinale. Dalla letteratura emergono evidenze sull’efficacia di un approccio integrato, che combini interventi sullo stile di vita con trattamenti farmacologici mirati, soprattutto nei casi con manifestazioni metaboliche marcate. L’obiettivo della tesi è non solo quello di offrire una visione ampia, aggiornata e multidisciplinare della sindrome, che ne evidenzi la complessità e l’importanza di un approccio terapeutico personalizzato, ma anche quello di contribuire a sensibilizzare su una sindrome ancora troppo poco conosciuta e spesso sottovalutata, nonostante il forte impatto che può avere sulla qualità di vita delle donne che ne sono affette.
Sindrome dell’ovaio policistico: dalla fisiopatologia alle strategie terapeutiche convenzionali e innovative
ZAMBON, NICOLE
2024/2025
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine-metabolic disorders affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a multifactorial etiology and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. This thesis, developed through an in-depth literature review, aims to analyze the main pathophysiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of PCOS. The fundamentals of the syndrome are described, with particular focus on ovarian physiology and hormonal regulation, as well as its etiology and the main associated risk factors. The thesis explores the typical hormonal and metabolic features of PCOS, such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, gonadotropin abnormalities, and obesity, alongside their effects on fertility, pregnancy, mental health, and quality of life. Diagnostic approaches are also addressed, considering the evolution of diagnostic criteria over time and the ongoing controversies. Special attention is given to therapeutic strategies, both pharmacological, including the main drugs used in PCOS management, and non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical activity, the role of sleep, dietary patterns (ketogenic and Mediterranean diets), nutritional supplementation, and modulation of the gut microbiota. Current literature highlights the effectiveness of an integrated approach, combining lifestyle interventions with targeted pharmacological treatments, particularly in cases with prominent metabolic manifestations. The aim of this thesis is not only to provide a broad, updated, and multidisciplinary overview of the syndrome, emphasizing its complexity and the importance of a personalized therapeutic approach, but also to raise awareness about a condition that remains largely underrecognized and often underestimated, despite its significant impact on the quality of life of affected women.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/89778