There are several methods for recording animal behavior. In this thesis, two sampling techniques were compared: continuous sampling and instantaneous sampling, the latter involving observations at regular time intervals. The study was carried out at the Valcorba Wildlife Park through systematic observations of two species: Puma concolor and Panthera pardus japonensis. A specific ethogram was developed for this study, and behaviors were recorded both through direct continuous observation and via video recordings. Instantaneous sampling was later extracted from the videos at different intervals (15, 30, 60 and 120 seconds). The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools, with the aim of comparing observation methods (direct, video-based, and a combination of both) and sampling techniques (continuous and instantaneous). Out of 200 observations gathered through direct continuous sampling, 15 were later corrected using video recordings, allowing for the recovery of 29 missed events-mainly related to the behaviors "observing", "locomotion", and "threatening". Inferential statistics revealed a strong correlation (p<0.001) between continuous and instantaneous methods for all analyzed behaviors. The most frequently observed behaviors were "observing", "locomotion", "pacing", and "resting". Only "locomotion" showed a significant difference between the two species, both in the continuous data and in the 15- and 30-second instantaneous samples. The results suggest that instantaneous sampling is a valid method, provided the sampling frequency is sufficiently high in relation to the average duration of the behaviors. For future research, the implementation of environmental enrichments is recommended to stimulate a broader range of behaviors, which would allow for a more accurate evaluation of the reliability of the instantaneous method.
Esistono diverse modalità per registrare il comportamento animale. In questa tesi sono state confrontate due tecniche di campionamento: il campionamento continuo e il campionamento istantaneo, ovvero la registrazione a intervalli regolari. Lo studio è stato condotto presso il Parco Faunistico Valcorba, mediante osservazioni sistematiche di due specie: Puma concolor e Panthera pardus japonensis. È stato elaborato un etogramma specifico per questo studio e i comportamenti sono stati registrati sia in modo diretto e continuo, sia tramite videoregistrazioni, da cui è stato successivamente estratto il campionamento istantaneo a diversi intervalli (15, 30, 60 e 120 secondi). I dati raccolti sono stati analizzati attraverso strumenti di statistica descrittiva e inferenziale, al fine di confrontare le modalità di osservazione (diretta, videoregistrazione, integrazione tra le due) e le tecniche di campionamento (continuo e istantaneo). Delle 200 osservazioni raccolte con il metodo continuo diretto, 15 sono state corrette successivamente tramite videoregistrazioni per recuperare 29 omissioni, soprattutto nei comportamenti di “osservazione”, “locomozione” e “minacciare”. Dalle statistiche inferenziali è risultata un alta correlazione (p<0.001) tra i metodi continuo e istantaneo per tutti i comportamenti analizzati. I più frequenti sono stati “osservazione”, “locomozione”, “pacing” e “riposare”. Solo “locomozione” differisce tra le specie in modo significativo nei dati continui e negli istantanei a 15 e 30 secondi. I risultati dimostrano che il metodo istantaneo è valido se il campionamento è abbastanza frequente rispetto alla durata media dei comportamenti. Per future ricerche, si suggerisce l’introduzione di arricchimenti ambientali per stimolare una gamma più ampia di comportamenti attraverso cui verificare più accuratamente l’attendibilità del metodo istantaneo.
Il comportamento di Puma concolor e Panthera pardus japonensis in ambiente controllato: confronto tra due regole di campionamento
MARANGON, TERESA
2024/2025
Abstract
There are several methods for recording animal behavior. In this thesis, two sampling techniques were compared: continuous sampling and instantaneous sampling, the latter involving observations at regular time intervals. The study was carried out at the Valcorba Wildlife Park through systematic observations of two species: Puma concolor and Panthera pardus japonensis. A specific ethogram was developed for this study, and behaviors were recorded both through direct continuous observation and via video recordings. Instantaneous sampling was later extracted from the videos at different intervals (15, 30, 60 and 120 seconds). The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools, with the aim of comparing observation methods (direct, video-based, and a combination of both) and sampling techniques (continuous and instantaneous). Out of 200 observations gathered through direct continuous sampling, 15 were later corrected using video recordings, allowing for the recovery of 29 missed events-mainly related to the behaviors "observing", "locomotion", and "threatening". Inferential statistics revealed a strong correlation (p<0.001) between continuous and instantaneous methods for all analyzed behaviors. The most frequently observed behaviors were "observing", "locomotion", "pacing", and "resting". Only "locomotion" showed a significant difference between the two species, both in the continuous data and in the 15- and 30-second instantaneous samples. The results suggest that instantaneous sampling is a valid method, provided the sampling frequency is sufficiently high in relation to the average duration of the behaviors. For future research, the implementation of environmental enrichments is recommended to stimulate a broader range of behaviors, which would allow for a more accurate evaluation of the reliability of the instantaneous method.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/92025