Background. According to the WHO, in 2022 one in eight individuals was obese, and by 2050 an estimated 50% of the global population will likely be overweight. The worldwide spread of obesity has led to an increasing number of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, which remains the most effective and durable treatment for this condition. Anesthetic and perioperative management of obese patients poses several challenges due to the increased complexity of pharmacological and ventilatory strategies and the higher risk of postoperative complications. General anesthesia frequently requires neuromuscular blockade to facilitate tracheal intubation and optimize surgical conditions. To prevent residual neuromuscular block, which is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications, quantitative neuromuscular monitoring is recommended. The two most commonly used techniques in clinical practice are acceleromyography (AMG) and electromyography (EMG). Aim of the study. The aim of this study was to compare AMG and EMG in the measurement of the train-of-four (TOF) during induction and reversal of neuromuscular block, evaluating their precision, accuracy, concordance, and clinical implications. Materials and methods. This was a prospective, observational, single-center study. Sixteen patients with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery at the Multidisciplinary Day Surgery/Week Surgery Unit of AOPD were enrolled. Simultaneous AMG and EMG measurements were performed on the upper limbs, both during induction and reversal of neuromuscular block. Statistical analyses included Bland–Altman, Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Kaplan–Meier curves. Results. The two techniques showed good overall concordance (CCC = 0.89). AMG underestimated the depth of block during induction (bias −6.90) and overestimated recovery during reversal (bias +9.20). Differences were statistically significant at several timepoints: compared with EMG, AMG on average anticipated complete block by 36 seconds during induction and the achievement of TOF ratio ≥ 0.9 by 20 seconds during reversal. Normalization of AMG values reduced bias but did not decrease variability between measurements. Furthermore, baseline TOF measured with AMG (105.50 [102.00 – 107.00]) was higher than that measured with EMG (100.00 [98.75 – 101.00]). Conclusions. EMG proved to be a more stable and reproducible monitoring method compared with AMG, reducing the risk of misinterpretation and postoperative respiratory complications. In obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, EMG should be considered the reference technique, since residual neuromuscular block is particularly hazardous in this population. Larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings and to better assess their impact on clinical outcomes.
Presupposti dello studio. Secondo l’OMS nel 2022 una persona su otto era obesa; nel 2050 il 50% della popolazione mondiale sarà verosimilmente sovrappeso. La diffusione globale dell’obesità comporta una crescente frequenza di pazienti obesi sottoposti a chirurgia bariatrica, trattamento più efficace e duraturo per questa patologia. La gestione anestesiologica e perioperatoria del paziente obeso presenta diverse insidie a causa della maggior difficoltà nella gestione farmacologica e ventilatoria e del maggior rischio di complicanze postoperatorie. L’anestesia generale spesso si serve del blocco neuromuscolare per facilitare l’intubazione e le condizioni chirurgiche. Per evitare il blocco muscolare residuo, associato a un incremento delle complicanze postoperatorie, è necessario il ricorso a un monitoraggio neuromuscolare quantitativo: i due metodi più diffusi nella pratica clinica sono l’acceleromiografia (AMG) e l’elettromiografia (EMG). Scopo dello studio. Lo scopo di questo studio è confrontare AMG ed EMG nella misurazione del TOF durante l’induzione e il reversal del blocco neuromuscolare, valutandone la precisione, l’accuratezza, la concordanza e le implicazioni cliniche del loro utilizzo. Materiali e metodi. Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale, prospettico e monocentrico. Sono stati arruolati 16 pazienti obesi con obesità grave sottoposti a chirurgia bariatrica nella UOC Day Surgery/Week Surgery Multidisciplinare-AOPD. Sono state effettuate misurazioni simultanee con AMG ed EMG agli arti superiori, all’induzione e al reversal del blocco neuromuscolare. Le analisi statistiche hanno incluso Bland–Altman, coefficiente di concordanza di Lin (CCC), Wilcoxon signed-rank test e curve di Kaplan–Meier. Risultati. Le due metodiche hanno mostrato una buona concordanza globale (CCC = 0,89). AMG ha sottostimato la profondità del blocco in induzione (bias −6.90) e sovrastimato il recupero in reversal (bias +9.20). Le differenze sono risultate statisticamente significative a vari timepoint: rispetto a EMG, AMG in media anticipava di 36 secondi il blocco completo durante l’induzione e anticipava di 20 secondi il raggiungimento del TOF ratio ≥ 0,9 durante il reversal. La normalizzazione del TOF misurato con AMG riduceva il bias ma non la variabilità fra le misurazioni. Inoltre, il TOF basale misurato da AMG (105.50 [102.00 107.00]) è risultato maggiore di quello misurato con EMG (100.00 [98.75 101.00]). Conclusioni. L’EMG si conferma un metodo di monitoraggio più stabile e riproducibile rispetto ad AMG, riducendo il rischio di interpretazioni errate e complicanze respiratorie postoperatorie. Anche nei pazienti obesi sottoposti a chirurgia bariatrica l’EMG dovrebbe rappresentare la metodica di riferimento, essendo una curarizzazione residua più rischiosa per questi pazienti. Sono necessari studi multicentrici con campioni più ampi per confermare questi dati e valutarne l’impatto sugli outcome clinici.
Confronto tra Acceleromiografia ed Elettromiografia nella Chirurgia Bariatrica: uno Studio Comparativo
ZILIO, ALESSANDRO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background. According to the WHO, in 2022 one in eight individuals was obese, and by 2050 an estimated 50% of the global population will likely be overweight. The worldwide spread of obesity has led to an increasing number of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, which remains the most effective and durable treatment for this condition. Anesthetic and perioperative management of obese patients poses several challenges due to the increased complexity of pharmacological and ventilatory strategies and the higher risk of postoperative complications. General anesthesia frequently requires neuromuscular blockade to facilitate tracheal intubation and optimize surgical conditions. To prevent residual neuromuscular block, which is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications, quantitative neuromuscular monitoring is recommended. The two most commonly used techniques in clinical practice are acceleromyography (AMG) and electromyography (EMG). Aim of the study. The aim of this study was to compare AMG and EMG in the measurement of the train-of-four (TOF) during induction and reversal of neuromuscular block, evaluating their precision, accuracy, concordance, and clinical implications. Materials and methods. This was a prospective, observational, single-center study. Sixteen patients with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery at the Multidisciplinary Day Surgery/Week Surgery Unit of AOPD were enrolled. Simultaneous AMG and EMG measurements were performed on the upper limbs, both during induction and reversal of neuromuscular block. Statistical analyses included Bland–Altman, Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Kaplan–Meier curves. Results. The two techniques showed good overall concordance (CCC = 0.89). AMG underestimated the depth of block during induction (bias −6.90) and overestimated recovery during reversal (bias +9.20). Differences were statistically significant at several timepoints: compared with EMG, AMG on average anticipated complete block by 36 seconds during induction and the achievement of TOF ratio ≥ 0.9 by 20 seconds during reversal. Normalization of AMG values reduced bias but did not decrease variability between measurements. Furthermore, baseline TOF measured with AMG (105.50 [102.00 – 107.00]) was higher than that measured with EMG (100.00 [98.75 – 101.00]). Conclusions. EMG proved to be a more stable and reproducible monitoring method compared with AMG, reducing the risk of misinterpretation and postoperative respiratory complications. In obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, EMG should be considered the reference technique, since residual neuromuscular block is particularly hazardous in this population. Larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings and to better assess their impact on clinical outcomes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/92473