The present thesis aimed to evaluate the effect of parity order (P: primiparous does vs. S: secondiparous does), litter size (N10: 10 kits vs. N11: 11 kits per litter), and lactation method (L: free lactation vs. C: controlled lactation) on the reproductive and productive performance of does and kits. For the experimental trial, 96 pregnant Hycole does were used (48 nulliparous and 48 primiparous). Of these, 72 does were included in the trial, while 24 were kept as a reserve. The does were divided into 8 experimental groups, obtained by a three-factor combination: 2 parity orders (P: primiparous vs. S: secondiparous) × 2 litter sizes (N10: 10 kits vs. N11: 11 kits) × 2 lactation types (L: free lactation vs. C: controlled lactation). The groups were named as follows: P-N10-L, P-N10-C, P-N11-L, P-N11-C, S-N10-L, S-N10-C, S-N11-L, and S-N11-C. At kindling, the number and weight of total born, live born, and stillborn kits were recorded, along with the total litter weight and the body weight of the does. Subsequently, litters were standardized to either 10 or 11 kits per nest. Nest boxes remained open at all times for the 36 does assigned to the free lactation treatment, while for the remaining 36 does subjected to controlled lactation, the nest boxes were closed two days after kindling and reopened on day 14 postpartum. Throughout the trial, the body weight of the does and their respective litters, feed intake, and animal health status were monitored, including the evaluation of body condition using the Body Condition Score (BCS). At kindling, second-parity does exhibited significantly higher numbers of total and live-born kits compared to primiparous does (+20% and +25%, respectively; P<0.01), as well as higher total weights of total and live-born kits (+28% and +34%, respectively; P<0.001). Kits born to second-parity does showed greater body weight both at birth (+12%; P=0.002) and at weaning (+14%; P<0.001) compared to those born to primiparous does. Moreover, litters consisting of 10 kits demonstrated higher live weights at 33 days of age compared to litters of 11 kits (+4%; P=0.058). Milk production was greater in second-parity does than in primiparous ones, while it was not significantly affected by litter size. Cumulative kit mortality was not significantly influenced by the experimental factors, but was largely attributed to colibacillosis, which affected several does and multiple litters throughout the lactation period. Mortality was particularly high in certain groups, especially in primiparous does with litters standardized to 11 kits under free lactation conditions, where cumulative mortality reached 38%. Finally, parity order significantly influenced the body condition of the does, with primiparous does showing higher BCS values than second-parity does (P<0.001), whereas litter size and lactation method did not affect doe body condition. Based on the results obtained, it is advisable to standardize litters to 10 kits for primiparous does, while second-parity does can be managed with 11 kits without compromising reproductive performance or litter growth up to weaning. From an ethical perspective, this approach allows for a reduction in the discard of healthy kits during litter standardization and maximizes the reproductive potential of current commercial hybrids used in rabbit farming. Lactation method did not significantly affect the productive performance of the does. Therefore, the adoption of free lactation is recommended, as it offers advantages in terms of reduced daily labour requirements and promotes natural maternal behaviour and animal welfare by allowing does unrestricted access to the nest.
La presente tesi di laurea ha inteso valutare l’effetto dell’ordine di parto (P: fattrici primipare vs. S: fattrici secondipare), della numerosità della nidiata (N10: 10 coniglietti per nidiata vs. N11: 11 coniglietti per nidiata) e della modalità di lattazione (L: lattazione libera vs. C: lattazione controllata) sulle prestazioni riproduttive e produttive delle fattrici e prestazioni produttive dei coniglietti. Per la prova sperimentale sono state utilizzate 96 coniglie Hycole gravide (48 nullipare e 48 primipare). Di queste, 72 coniglie sono state destinate alla prova, mentre 24 sono state tenute in riserva. Le coniglie sono state suddivise in 8 gruppi sperimentali, ottenuti da una combinazione tri-fattoriale: 2 ordini di parto (P: primipare vs. S: secondipare) × 2 numerosità della nidiata (N10: 10 coniglietti vs. N11: 11 coniglietti) × 2 modalità di lattazione (L: lattazione libera vs. C: lattazione controllata). I gruppi erano così denominati: P-N10-L, P-N10-C, P-N11-L, P-N11-C, S-N10-L, S-N10-C, S-N11-L e S-N11-C. Al momento del parto sono stati registrati: il numero e il peso dei nati totali, dei nati vivi e dei nati morti, il peso totale della nidiata e il peso delle fattrici. Successivamente, si è proceduto al pareggiamento delle nidiate a 10 o 11 coniglietti per nido. I nidi sono rimasti sempre aperti per le 36 fattrici in prova assegnate alla lattazione libera, mentre per le restanti 36 coniglie in prova, destinate alla lattazione controllata, i nidi sono stati chiusi due giorni dopo il parto e riaperti al 14° giorno post-partum. Durante la prova sono stati monitorati il peso delle fattrici e delle rispettive nidiate, i consumi alimentari e lo stato di salute degli animali, includendo la valutazione dello stato di ingrassamento delle coniglie tramite Body Condition Score (BCS). Al parto, il numero di nati totali e dei nati vivi è risultato maggiore nelle fattrici secondipare rispetto alle primipare (+20%; e +25%, rispettivamente; P<0,01), così come il peso totale dei nati e dei nati vivi (+28% e +34%, rispettivamente; P<0,001). I coniglietti nati da fattrici secondipare hanno mostrato un peso vivo maggiore rispetto a quelli delle primipare sia nascita (+12%; P=0,002) che allo svezzamento (+14%; P<0,001), mentre le nidiate costituite da 10 coniglietti hanno registrato un peso vivo superiore rispetto a quelle da 11 coniglietti a 33 giorni di età (+4%; P=0,058). La produzione lattea è risultata maggiore nelle fattrici secondipare rispetto alle primipare, mentre non è variata in funzione della numerosità della nidiata. La mortalità cumulativa dei coniglietti non è stata influenzata dai fattori sperimentali, mentre è stata in larga parte dovuta alla colibacillosi, che ha colpito alcune fattrici e diverse nidiate durante tutto il periodo di allattamento. La mortalità è risultata particolarmente elevata in alcuni gruppi, soprattutto nelle nidiate delle fattrici primipare pareggiate a 11 coniglietti e sottoposte a lattazione libera, dove la mortalità cumulativa ha raggiunto il 38%. Infine, l’ordine di parto ha influito in maniera significativa anche sullo stato di ingrassamento delle coniglie, portando a ottenere primipare con un punteggio BCS più elevato rispetto alle fattrici secondipare (P<0,001), mentre la numerosità della nidiata e la modalità di lattazione non hanno influenzato la condizione corporea dei gruppi analizzati. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, è consigliabile pareggiare le nidiate a 10 coniglietti per le fattrici primipare, mentre per le secondipare è possibile arrivare a 11 coniglietti senza compromettere le performance riproduttive e l’accrescimento delle nidiate fino allo svezzamento. Dal punto di vista etico, tale approccio consente di ridurre la soppressione di coniglietti sani nella fase di standardizzazione delle nidiate e di valorizzare appieno le elevate potenzialità riproduttive degli attuali ibridi commerciali impiegati in campo.
Effetto della numerosità della nidiata e della tecnica di lattazione sulle prestazioni di coniglie primipare e secondipare.
CONTIERO, SARA
2024/2025
Abstract
The present thesis aimed to evaluate the effect of parity order (P: primiparous does vs. S: secondiparous does), litter size (N10: 10 kits vs. N11: 11 kits per litter), and lactation method (L: free lactation vs. C: controlled lactation) on the reproductive and productive performance of does and kits. For the experimental trial, 96 pregnant Hycole does were used (48 nulliparous and 48 primiparous). Of these, 72 does were included in the trial, while 24 were kept as a reserve. The does were divided into 8 experimental groups, obtained by a three-factor combination: 2 parity orders (P: primiparous vs. S: secondiparous) × 2 litter sizes (N10: 10 kits vs. N11: 11 kits) × 2 lactation types (L: free lactation vs. C: controlled lactation). The groups were named as follows: P-N10-L, P-N10-C, P-N11-L, P-N11-C, S-N10-L, S-N10-C, S-N11-L, and S-N11-C. At kindling, the number and weight of total born, live born, and stillborn kits were recorded, along with the total litter weight and the body weight of the does. Subsequently, litters were standardized to either 10 or 11 kits per nest. Nest boxes remained open at all times for the 36 does assigned to the free lactation treatment, while for the remaining 36 does subjected to controlled lactation, the nest boxes were closed two days after kindling and reopened on day 14 postpartum. Throughout the trial, the body weight of the does and their respective litters, feed intake, and animal health status were monitored, including the evaluation of body condition using the Body Condition Score (BCS). At kindling, second-parity does exhibited significantly higher numbers of total and live-born kits compared to primiparous does (+20% and +25%, respectively; P<0.01), as well as higher total weights of total and live-born kits (+28% and +34%, respectively; P<0.001). Kits born to second-parity does showed greater body weight both at birth (+12%; P=0.002) and at weaning (+14%; P<0.001) compared to those born to primiparous does. Moreover, litters consisting of 10 kits demonstrated higher live weights at 33 days of age compared to litters of 11 kits (+4%; P=0.058). Milk production was greater in second-parity does than in primiparous ones, while it was not significantly affected by litter size. Cumulative kit mortality was not significantly influenced by the experimental factors, but was largely attributed to colibacillosis, which affected several does and multiple litters throughout the lactation period. Mortality was particularly high in certain groups, especially in primiparous does with litters standardized to 11 kits under free lactation conditions, where cumulative mortality reached 38%. Finally, parity order significantly influenced the body condition of the does, with primiparous does showing higher BCS values than second-parity does (P<0.001), whereas litter size and lactation method did not affect doe body condition. Based on the results obtained, it is advisable to standardize litters to 10 kits for primiparous does, while second-parity does can be managed with 11 kits without compromising reproductive performance or litter growth up to weaning. From an ethical perspective, this approach allows for a reduction in the discard of healthy kits during litter standardization and maximizes the reproductive potential of current commercial hybrids used in rabbit farming. Lactation method did not significantly affect the productive performance of the does. Therefore, the adoption of free lactation is recommended, as it offers advantages in terms of reduced daily labour requirements and promotes natural maternal behaviour and animal welfare by allowing does unrestricted access to the nest.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93915