Despite the challenges related to Covid-19, avian flu and rising raw material prices, the egg sector has been affected to a small extent, thanks to their versatility of use, low cost and nutritional value. Eggs, besides being one of the best sources of animal protein, are rich in vitamins, carotenoids, fatty acids and bioactive compounds that provide beneficial effects on human health. They, therefore, represent a singular, complete and accessible food, and contrary to long-standing claims, they do not increase cholesterol; on the opposite, in healthy people, they may even contribute to its reduction. Nutritional interest in eggs has increased since the possibility of modifying their composition by enhancing compounds that are already naturally present, such as omega-3 fatty acids. The last ones, even if in small quantities, are contained within the yolk and play an important role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and maintaining cognitive functions. Enriching eggs with omega-3 is a nutritionally important strategy, increasing the added value and uniqueness of the product without altering its organoleptic characteristics. In this thesis, the most commonly used raw materials for egg enrichment and optimal dosages for increasing omega-3 fatty acids are analysed. Among the vegetable sources, flax is the most popular due to its high α-linolenic acid (ALA) content, although high dosages transfer anti-nutritional compounds. Oilseed rape, another oil crop used in biofuel production, also provides by-products that can be used for poultry feed, but with a lower omega-3 content than flax and with the presence of anti-nutritional factors. Among animal sources, fish oil is well known; rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, but its use is limited by sensory issues due to the fishy aftertaste it imparts to the product. Alternatively, seaweed is a suitable alternative, an excellent source of EPA and DHA, although it too, as with fish, imparts undesirable flavours in the event of overdose. Lastly, hemp, the use of which has recently been facilitated by legislative changes, constitutes a further interesting source: it significantly increases EPA and DHA levels in the yolk, while simultaneously reducing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, without compromising the organoleptic characteristics.
Nonostante le difficoltà legate al Covid-19, all’influenza aviaria e all’aumento dei prezzi delle materie prime, il settore delle uova ha superato la fase di crisi, grazie anche alla versatilità d’uso, al basso costo e al valore nutrizionale di questo alimento. Le uova, oltre a rappresentare una delle migliori fonti proteiche di origine animale per l’uomo, sono ricche di vitamine, carotenoidi, acidi grassi e composti bioattivi che esercitano effetti benefici sulla salute umana. Esse, quindi, rappresentano un alimento unico, completo ed accessibile, e contrariamente a quanto a lungo sostenuto non determinano un aumento della colesterolemia, al contrario, in soggetti sani possono perfino contribuire ad una sua riduzione. L’interesse nutrizionale per le uova è recentemente aumentato grazie anche alla possibilità di modificarne la composizione, valorizzando composti bioattivi presenti naturalmente, come gli acidi grassi della serie omega-3. Questi ultimi, seppur in piccole quantità, sono contenuti all’interno del tuorlo e svolgono un ruolo importante nella prevenzione delle malattie cardiovascolari e nel mantenimento delle funzioni cognitive. L’arricchimento delle uova con omega-3 risulta quindi una strategia di grande rilevanza nutrizionale, aumentando il valore aggiunto e l’unicità del prodotto senza alterarne le caratteristiche organolettiche. La presente tesi valuta le materie prime più comunemente utilizzate e i dosaggi ottimali per l’arricchimento delle uova con acidi grassi della serie omega-3. Tra le fonti vegetali, il lino è il seme di piante oleaginose più ricco di acido α-linolenico (ALA), pur contenendo anche composti anti-nutrizionali. Anche il seme di colza, impiegato nella produzione di biocombustibile fornisce co-prodotti che possono essere utilizzati per l’alimentazione avicola, ma con un minore apporto di omega-3 rispetto al lino e, anche in questo caso, possono essere presenti fattori anti-nutrizionali. Tra le fonti animali, molto conosciuto è l’olio di pesce; che contiene alte quantità di acidi grassi omega-3, soprattutto di EPA e DHA. Il suo utilizzo è però limitato da problematiche che riguardano la possibile presenza di odori e sapori sgradevoli che possono caratterizzare questo prodotto, limitando l’ingestione alimentare. In alternativa, le alghe marine possono rappresentare una valida alternativa, ottima fonte di EPA e DHA, sebbene anch’esse come per il pesce trasmettano sapori indesiderati in caso di sovradosaggi. Infine, la canapa industriale (Cannabis sativa L.), il cui impiego è sottoposto a norme rigide riguardo al contenuto massimo di THC, costituisce un’ulteriore fonte interessante di omega 3, aumentando in maniera significativa i livelli di EPA e DHA nel tuorlo, riducendo contemporaneamente gli acidi grassi saturi e monoinsaturi, senza comprometterne le caratteristiche organolettiche.
STRATEGIE NUTRIZIONALI PER L’ARRICCHIMENTO DELLE UOVA CON ACIDI GRASSI DELLA SERIE OMEGA-3
GASPAROTTO, EDOARDO
2024/2025
Abstract
Despite the challenges related to Covid-19, avian flu and rising raw material prices, the egg sector has been affected to a small extent, thanks to their versatility of use, low cost and nutritional value. Eggs, besides being one of the best sources of animal protein, are rich in vitamins, carotenoids, fatty acids and bioactive compounds that provide beneficial effects on human health. They, therefore, represent a singular, complete and accessible food, and contrary to long-standing claims, they do not increase cholesterol; on the opposite, in healthy people, they may even contribute to its reduction. Nutritional interest in eggs has increased since the possibility of modifying their composition by enhancing compounds that are already naturally present, such as omega-3 fatty acids. The last ones, even if in small quantities, are contained within the yolk and play an important role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and maintaining cognitive functions. Enriching eggs with omega-3 is a nutritionally important strategy, increasing the added value and uniqueness of the product without altering its organoleptic characteristics. In this thesis, the most commonly used raw materials for egg enrichment and optimal dosages for increasing omega-3 fatty acids are analysed. Among the vegetable sources, flax is the most popular due to its high α-linolenic acid (ALA) content, although high dosages transfer anti-nutritional compounds. Oilseed rape, another oil crop used in biofuel production, also provides by-products that can be used for poultry feed, but with a lower omega-3 content than flax and with the presence of anti-nutritional factors. Among animal sources, fish oil is well known; rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, but its use is limited by sensory issues due to the fishy aftertaste it imparts to the product. Alternatively, seaweed is a suitable alternative, an excellent source of EPA and DHA, although it too, as with fish, imparts undesirable flavours in the event of overdose. Lastly, hemp, the use of which has recently been facilitated by legislative changes, constitutes a further interesting source: it significantly increases EPA and DHA levels in the yolk, while simultaneously reducing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, without compromising the organoleptic characteristics.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93929