African Swine Fever (ASF) is a high-mortality viral disease which, although not a danger to human health, represents one of the major threats to pig farming worldwide. Its diffusion, favored by commercial movements, the presence of wild boars and difficulties in environmental control, has led to a complex crisis which involves not only the livestock sector, but also the economic, social and environmental dimensions. This paper addresses the topic with an initial general framework: the characteristics of the virus, the methods of transmission, the clinical symptoms and the effects on domestic and wild animals are described. This is followed by an analysis of the geographical spread of ASF, with particular reference to the Italian and also European context, where the disease has led to the adoption of extraordinary plans and stringent containment measures. Ample space is reserved for the Italian case, which forms the heart of the paper. The actions undertaken by the Ministry of Health, the Regions and the Extraordinary Commissioner are illustrated: from national eradication plans to ordinances, to the use of new technologies such as drones, camera traps and molecular dogs for monitoring. The role of the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna Regions is also covered, which have developed specific containment strategies and collaborated with the hunting world and local authorities to limit the circulation of the virus. From an economic perspective, the serious losses suffered by the sector are analysed: trade blockades, export restrictions, mandatory culls and additional costs for biosecurity. The main support tools implemented by the Italian government are examined, such as the Patuanelli Decree, and the support measures prepared at European and international level. It is highlighted how we tried to react through mitigation strategies such as health regionalisation, production delocalisation, heat treatments and dedicated certifications to access non-EU markets. L’ analysis is not limited to the Italian situation but is extended to some international cases of particular relevance, such as the Chinese experience where ASF has led to a massive reduction in pig stocks, replaced in part by the consumption of other animal proteins, with global repercussions on agricultural markets. In Viet Nam, the Government has adopted compensation policies for livestock farmers and supported vaccine research in cooperation with international partners. The United States, while remaining free of the disease, has tightened customs controls and benefited from increased exports to China and other affected countries.
La Peste Suina Africana (PSA) è una malattia virale ad alta mortalità che, pur non costituendo un pericolo per la salute umana, rappresenta una delle maggiori minacce per la suinicoltura a livello mondiale. La sua diffusione, favorita dai movimenti commerciali, dalla presenza dei cinghiali e dalle difficoltà nel controllo ambientale, ha determinato una crisi complessa che coinvolge non solo il settore zootecnico, ma anche la dimensione economica, sociale e ambientale. Il presente elaborato affronta il tema con un iniziale inquadramento generale: vengono descritte le caratteristiche del virus, le modalità di trasmissione, i sintomi clinici e gli effetti sugli animali domestici e selvatici. Segue un’analisi della diffusione geografica della PSA, con particolare riferimento al contesto italiano ed anche europeo, dove la malattia ha portato all’adozione di piani straordinari e a misure di contenimento stringenti. Ampio spazio è riservato al caso italiano, che costituisce il cuore dell’elaborato. Sono illustrate le azioni intraprese dal Ministero della Salute, dalle Regioni e dal Commissario straordinario: dai piani nazionali di eradicazione alle ordinanze, fino all’uso di nuove tecnologie come droni, fototrappole e cani molecolari per il monitoraggio. Viene trattato anche il ruolo delle Regioni Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, che hanno sviluppato strategie specifiche di contenimento e collaborato con il mondo venatorio e le autorità locali per limitare la circolazione del virus. Dal punto di vista economico, vengono analizzate le gravi perdite subite dal settore: blocchi commerciali, restrizioni all’export, abbattimenti obbligatori e costi aggiuntivi per la biosicurezza. Sono esaminati i principali strumenti di sostegno messi in campo dal governo italiano, come il Decreto Patuanelli, e le misure di supporto predisposte a livello europeo e internazionale. Si evidenzia come si è cercato di reagire attraverso strategie di mitigazione quali la regionalizzazione sanitaria, la delocalizzazione produttiva, i trattamenti termici e le certificazioni dedicate per accedere ai mercati extra-UE. L’ analisi non si limita alla situazione italiana ma viene estesa ad alcuni casi internazionali di particolare rilevanza, come l’esperienza cinese dove la PSA ha portato ad una massiccia riduzione del patrimonio suinicolo, sostituito in parte dal consumo di altre proteine animali, con ripercussioni globali sui mercati agricoli. In Vietnam, il governo ha adottato politiche di indennizzo per gli allevatori e sostenuto la ricerca sul vaccino in collaborazione con partner internazionali. Gli Stati Uniti, pur rimanendo indenni dalla malattia, hanno rafforzato i controlli doganali e beneficiato dell’aumento delle esportazioni verso la Cina e altri Paesi colpiti.
Peste suina africana: implicazioni ed impatto negli scambi commerciali
NASI, JESSICA
2024/2025
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a high-mortality viral disease which, although not a danger to human health, represents one of the major threats to pig farming worldwide. Its diffusion, favored by commercial movements, the presence of wild boars and difficulties in environmental control, has led to a complex crisis which involves not only the livestock sector, but also the economic, social and environmental dimensions. This paper addresses the topic with an initial general framework: the characteristics of the virus, the methods of transmission, the clinical symptoms and the effects on domestic and wild animals are described. This is followed by an analysis of the geographical spread of ASF, with particular reference to the Italian and also European context, where the disease has led to the adoption of extraordinary plans and stringent containment measures. Ample space is reserved for the Italian case, which forms the heart of the paper. The actions undertaken by the Ministry of Health, the Regions and the Extraordinary Commissioner are illustrated: from national eradication plans to ordinances, to the use of new technologies such as drones, camera traps and molecular dogs for monitoring. The role of the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna Regions is also covered, which have developed specific containment strategies and collaborated with the hunting world and local authorities to limit the circulation of the virus. From an economic perspective, the serious losses suffered by the sector are analysed: trade blockades, export restrictions, mandatory culls and additional costs for biosecurity. The main support tools implemented by the Italian government are examined, such as the Patuanelli Decree, and the support measures prepared at European and international level. It is highlighted how we tried to react through mitigation strategies such as health regionalisation, production delocalisation, heat treatments and dedicated certifications to access non-EU markets. L’ analysis is not limited to the Italian situation but is extended to some international cases of particular relevance, such as the Chinese experience where ASF has led to a massive reduction in pig stocks, replaced in part by the consumption of other animal proteins, with global repercussions on agricultural markets. In Viet Nam, the Government has adopted compensation policies for livestock farmers and supported vaccine research in cooperation with international partners. The United States, while remaining free of the disease, has tightened customs controls and benefited from increased exports to China and other affected countries.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/95604