This research aims to analyze the case of Afghanistan as an example of gender apartheid. This concept, still not formally recognized as an international crime, describes a systematic form of segregation and oppression based on gender. The study aims to answer the following questions: What is gender apartheid? How and why can this concept be applied to the situation of women in Afghanistan? What relevance does this phenomenon have for the international community? Through a legal, historical, and political analysis, the paper aims to understand the origins, characteristics, and consequences of this form of systematic discrimination against women in Afghanistan, with a particular focus on the current Taliban regime. The research adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating an analysis of international legal norms, such as CEDAW and the Convention against Apartheid, studying the reports of human rights organizations, and offering historical and political insights. In recent decades, the world has made significant progress in the fight for gender equality. However, Afghanistan represents a tragic exception to this global trend. The Taliban regime's return to power in 2021 marked a drastic setback, imposing policies that deprive women of fundamental rights, such as access to education, freedom of movement, the right to work, and participation in public life. This reality raises questions not only about the effectiveness of international human rights instruments, but also about the collective responsibility of the global community. The Afghan case not only concerns the women of a single country, but represents a test case for the principles of universality and indivisibility of human rights. The research is divided into three chapters. The first examines the normative and institutional framework for women's rights, with particular attention to the concept of gender apartheid. The second chapter focuses on the evolution of women's rights in Afghanistan, analyzing the different historical periods up to the current situation. Using current normative examples, it aims to demonstrate how the phenomenon of female segregation can be applied to this specific case. Finally, the third chapter addresses the causes, responsibilities, and global implications of gender apartheid, offering an answer to the research question and proposing possible strategies to address the problem. This analysis not only aims to shed light on one of the most pressing human rights crises of our time, but also aims to raise public awareness and the international community about the importance of collective action to defend the principles of the universality and indivisibility of human rights.
La presente ricerca si propone di analizzare il caso dell’Afghanistan come esempio di gender apartheid. Il concetto ancora non formalmente riconosciuto come crimine internazionale descrive una forma sistematica di segregazione e oppressione basata sul genere. Lo studio ha come obbiettivo la risposta delle seguenti domande: cos’è il gender apartheid? Come e perché questo concetto può essere applicato alla situazione delle donne in Afghanistan? Quale rilevanza può avere questo fenomeno per la comunità internazionale? Attraverso un'analisi giuridica, storica e politica, la relazione mira a comprendere le origini, le caratteristiche e le conseguenze di questa forma di discriminazione sistematica contro le donne in Afghanistan, con un particolare focus sul regime talebano attuale. La ricerca adotta un approccio interdisciplinare, integrando un’analisi delle norme giuridiche internazionali, come la CEDAW e la convenzione contro l’Apartheid, studiando i rapporti di organizzazioni per i diritti umani e offrendo un approfondimento storico e politologico. Negli ultimi decenni, il mondo ha compiuto significativi progressi nella lotta per l'uguaglianza di genere. Tuttavia, l’Afghanistan rappresenta una tragica eccezione a questa tendenza globale. Il ritorno al potere del regime talebano nel 2021 ha segnato un drastico regresso, imponendo politiche che privano le donne di diritti fondamentali, quali: accesso all’istruzione, libertà di movimento, diritto al lavoro e partecipazione alla vita pubblica. Questa realtà solleva interrogativi non solo sull'efficacia degli strumenti internazionali di tutela dei diritti umani, ma anche sulla responsabilità collettiva della comunità globale. Il caso afghano non riguarda solo le donne di un singolo Paese, ma rappresenta un banco di prova per i principi di universalità e indivisibilità dei diritti umani. La ricerca si articola in tre capitoli. Nel primo, si esamina il quadro normativo e istituzionale per i diritti delle donne, con particolare attenzione al concetto di gender apartheid. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sull'evoluzione dei diritti delle donne in Afghanistan, analizzando le diverse epoche storiche fino alla situazione attuale. Con l’utilizzo di esempi normativi vigenti vuole dimostrare come il fenomeno della segregazione del genere femminile si possa applicare al caso specifico. Infine, il terzo capitolo affronta le cause, le responsabilità e le implicazioni globali del gender apartheid, offrendo una risposta alla domanda di ricerca e proponendo possibili strategie per affrontare il problema. Questa analisi non solo intende far luce su una delle crisi dei diritti umani più urgenti del nostro tempo, ma aspira anche a sensibilizzare l’opinione pubblica e la comunità internazionale sull’importanza di un’azione collettiva per difendere i principi di universalità e indivisibilità dei diritti umani.
Gender apartheid in Afghanistan: analisi di una segregazione istituzionalizzata
NICOLI, ELISABETTA
2024/2025
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the case of Afghanistan as an example of gender apartheid. This concept, still not formally recognized as an international crime, describes a systematic form of segregation and oppression based on gender. The study aims to answer the following questions: What is gender apartheid? How and why can this concept be applied to the situation of women in Afghanistan? What relevance does this phenomenon have for the international community? Through a legal, historical, and political analysis, the paper aims to understand the origins, characteristics, and consequences of this form of systematic discrimination against women in Afghanistan, with a particular focus on the current Taliban regime. The research adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating an analysis of international legal norms, such as CEDAW and the Convention against Apartheid, studying the reports of human rights organizations, and offering historical and political insights. In recent decades, the world has made significant progress in the fight for gender equality. However, Afghanistan represents a tragic exception to this global trend. The Taliban regime's return to power in 2021 marked a drastic setback, imposing policies that deprive women of fundamental rights, such as access to education, freedom of movement, the right to work, and participation in public life. This reality raises questions not only about the effectiveness of international human rights instruments, but also about the collective responsibility of the global community. The Afghan case not only concerns the women of a single country, but represents a test case for the principles of universality and indivisibility of human rights. The research is divided into three chapters. The first examines the normative and institutional framework for women's rights, with particular attention to the concept of gender apartheid. The second chapter focuses on the evolution of women's rights in Afghanistan, analyzing the different historical periods up to the current situation. Using current normative examples, it aims to demonstrate how the phenomenon of female segregation can be applied to this specific case. Finally, the third chapter addresses the causes, responsibilities, and global implications of gender apartheid, offering an answer to the research question and proposing possible strategies to address the problem. This analysis not only aims to shed light on one of the most pressing human rights crises of our time, but also aims to raise public awareness and the international community about the importance of collective action to defend the principles of the universality and indivisibility of human rights.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/95938