This thesis aims to deeply analyze the complex phenomenon of migration from North Korea, adopting an interdisciplinary approach that interweaves historical, political, legal, and humanitarian aspects. Starting with a contextualization of North Korea — characterized by a totalitarian regime based on repression, ideological indoctrination, and serious human rights violations — the main causes that push citizens to flee the country are examined, as they challenge pervasive surveillance, collective punishment, and informational isolation. The research explores the most commonly used escape routes, with particular focus on China, which represents both a refuge and a threat due to its policy of forced repatriation. The study then analyzes the legal and political responses offered by regional actors — primarily South Korea and China — and by the international community, highlighting contradictions, structural limitations, and geopolitical dynamics that often override humanitarian approaches. Considerable attention is devoted to the challenges of integration and the psychological scars carried by refugees, exacerbated by the internalization of regime ideology and by discrimination encountered in host countries. Through official sources, direct testimonies, NGO reports, and United Nations documentation, this work offers a critical interpretation of the international community’s role and of the survival strategies adopted by refugees, providing an original contribution to the understanding of one of the most dramatic and politically significant migratory phenomena of our time.
Questa tesi si pone come obiettivo quello di analizzare in profondità il complesso fenomeno delle migrazioni dalla Corea del Nord, con un approccio interdisciplinare che intreccia aspetti storici, politici, giuridici e umanitari. A partire da un inquadramento del contesto nordcoreano – caratterizzato da un regime totalitario fondato sulla repressione, l’indottrinamento ideologico e gravi violazioni dei diritti umani – si esaminano le principali cause che spingono i cittadini a fuggire dal Paese, sfidando la sorveglianza capillare, la punizione collettiva e l’isolamento informativo. La ricerca approfondisce le rotte di fuga più utilizzate, con particolare attenzione alla Cina, che rappresenta al contempo rifugio e minaccia, data la sua politica di rimpatrio forzato. Vengono poi analizzate le risposte giuridiche e politiche offerte dagli attori regionali, in primis Corea del Sud e Cina, e dalla comunità internazionale, evidenziando contraddizioni, limiti strutturali e dinamiche geopolitiche che spesso prevalgono sull’approccio umanitario. Ampio spazio è riservato alle difficoltà di integrazione e alle ferite psicologiche che i rifugiati portano con sé, aggravate dall’interiorizzazione dell'ideologia del regime e dalle discriminazioni subite nei Paesi di arrivo. Attraverso fonti ufficiali, testimonianze dirette, rapporti delle ONG e documentazione delle Nazioni Unite, si propone una lettura critica del ruolo della comunità internazionale e delle strategie di sopravvivenza adottate dai rifugiati, offrendo un contributo originale alla comprensione di uno dei fenomeni migratori più drammatici e politicamente significativi del nostro tempo.
Strategie di sopravvivenza e impatti geopolitici delle migrazioni nordcoreane
TRIPPOLINI, NOEMI
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis aims to deeply analyze the complex phenomenon of migration from North Korea, adopting an interdisciplinary approach that interweaves historical, political, legal, and humanitarian aspects. Starting with a contextualization of North Korea — characterized by a totalitarian regime based on repression, ideological indoctrination, and serious human rights violations — the main causes that push citizens to flee the country are examined, as they challenge pervasive surveillance, collective punishment, and informational isolation. The research explores the most commonly used escape routes, with particular focus on China, which represents both a refuge and a threat due to its policy of forced repatriation. The study then analyzes the legal and political responses offered by regional actors — primarily South Korea and China — and by the international community, highlighting contradictions, structural limitations, and geopolitical dynamics that often override humanitarian approaches. Considerable attention is devoted to the challenges of integration and the psychological scars carried by refugees, exacerbated by the internalization of regime ideology and by discrimination encountered in host countries. Through official sources, direct testimonies, NGO reports, and United Nations documentation, this work offers a critical interpretation of the international community’s role and of the survival strategies adopted by refugees, providing an original contribution to the understanding of one of the most dramatic and politically significant migratory phenomena of our time.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/95983