Neonatal imitation represents one of the earliest manifestations of social interaction and observational learning in newborns. From the first days of life, infants are able to reproduce gestures and movements observed in others, such as protruding their tongue or opening their mouth, demonstrating a surprising ability to connect perception and action. Neurobiologically, it is closely linked to the mirror neuron system, located primarily in the premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobe. These neurons are activated both when an action is performed and when it is observed, creating a sensorimotor mapping between the self and others. This scoping review investigates whether these abilities are impaired in individuals with Down syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder; the former, a genetic condition characterized by delayed physical and cognitive development and distinctive somatic features, the latter, a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in communication and social interactions, along with restricted or repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities. To this end, the search focused on scientific articles related to the subject of the study, published between the 2000s and the present, that included samples of children and/or adolescents with Down syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder, often compared with typically developing individuals. In particular, 12 articles were eligible. The results showed that individuals with Down syndrome, despite having various volumetric abnormalities in their gray matter at the frontal and temporal levels, do not affect the circuitry related to imitation, which remains intact and on a par with typically developing individuals. In contrast, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder exhibit deficits in the imitation of gestures and facial expressions, starting from the first months of life, due to evident alterations in the mirroring circuitry, which is related to imitation. This data should be considered relevant, as it could represent a factor that compromises subsequent social and communicative development, which is in fact severely compromised in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
L’imitazione neonatale rappresenta una delle prime manifestazioni di interazione sociale e apprendimento osservazionale nei neonati. Fin dai primi giorni di vita, i bambini sono in grado di riprodurre gesti e movimenti osservati negli altri, come protrudere la lingua o aprire la bocca, mostrando una sorprendente capacità di collegare percezione e azione. Dal punto di vista neurobiologico è strettamente legata al sistema dei neuroni specchio, situati principalmente nella corteccia premotoria e nel lobo parietale inferiore. Questi neuroni si attivano sia quando un’azione viene compiuta sia quando viene osservata, creando una mappatura sensomotoria tra sé e gli altri. La presente scoping review si occupa di indagare se queste capacità risultano compromesse nei soggetti con Sindrome di Down e con Disturbo dello Spettro dell’Autismo; la prima, una una condizione genetica caratterizzata da un ritardo nello sviluppo fisico e cognitivo e tratti somatici distintivi, la seconda,una condizione neuroevolutiva, caratterizzata da una difficoltà nella comunicazione e nelle interazioni sociali, insieme a comportamenti, interessi e attività ristretti o ripetitivi. A tal fine, la ricerca ha riguardato articoli scientifici riguardanti l’oggetto del lavoro e che sono stati pubblicati in un intervallo di tempo che va dagli anni 2000 ad oggi che avevano un campioni di bambini e/o adolescenti con Sindrome di Down e Disturbo dello Spettro dell'Autismo spesso confrontati con soggetti a sviluppo tipico. In particolare, sono risultati idonei 12 articoli; dai risultati è emerso come gli individui affetti da Sindrome di Down, nonostante abbiano diverse anomalie volumetriche nella sostanza grigia, a livello frontale e temporale, questo non intacca il circuito legato all’imitazione, che infatti resta intatta e al al pari dei soggetti normotipici. Al contrario, nei bambini affetti da Disturbo dello Spettro dell’Autismo sono emersi dei deficit nelle abilità imitative di gesti ed espressioni facciali, fin dai primi mesi di vita, a causa delle evidenti alterazioni a carico dei circuiti di mirroring, legati all’imitazione. Questo dato è da considerarsi rilevante, in quanto potrebbe rappresentare un fattore che compromette il successivo sviluppo sociale e comunicativo, in effetti fortemente compromesso nei bambini con Disturbo dello Spettro dell’Autismo.
l'imitazione neonatale nelle popolazioni atipiche: possibili implicazioni sullo sviluppo sociale e comunicativo
CHIRIACÒ, GIORGIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Neonatal imitation represents one of the earliest manifestations of social interaction and observational learning in newborns. From the first days of life, infants are able to reproduce gestures and movements observed in others, such as protruding their tongue or opening their mouth, demonstrating a surprising ability to connect perception and action. Neurobiologically, it is closely linked to the mirror neuron system, located primarily in the premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobe. These neurons are activated both when an action is performed and when it is observed, creating a sensorimotor mapping between the self and others. This scoping review investigates whether these abilities are impaired in individuals with Down syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder; the former, a genetic condition characterized by delayed physical and cognitive development and distinctive somatic features, the latter, a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in communication and social interactions, along with restricted or repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities. To this end, the search focused on scientific articles related to the subject of the study, published between the 2000s and the present, that included samples of children and/or adolescents with Down syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder, often compared with typically developing individuals. In particular, 12 articles were eligible. The results showed that individuals with Down syndrome, despite having various volumetric abnormalities in their gray matter at the frontal and temporal levels, do not affect the circuitry related to imitation, which remains intact and on a par with typically developing individuals. In contrast, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder exhibit deficits in the imitation of gestures and facial expressions, starting from the first months of life, due to evident alterations in the mirroring circuitry, which is related to imitation. This data should be considered relevant, as it could represent a factor that compromises subsequent social and communicative development, which is in fact severely compromised in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96213