Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, hereditary, X-linked neuromuscular disease that occurs almost exclusively in males. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, a protein essential for muscle stability and function. Its absence causes a degenerative process that leads to motor disability and early death, now delayed until the third or fourth decade of life thanks to medical and pharmacological advances. In addition to motor involvement, DMD is frequently associated with cognitive, neuropsychological, and social-relational impairments, as dystrophin is also expressed in the brain. The literature highlights an average IQ approximately one standard deviation lower than healthy peers, with an estimated rate of intellectual disability of around 40%, frequent specific learning disabilities, comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder in 7% of cases, and ADHD in 18%. In this complex context, the Developmental Neuro- and Psychomotor Therapist plays a central role: thanks to their expertise in child development and a comprehensive approach based on collaboration with the family and the community, the intervention aims to support residual skills and promote emerging ones. The thesis presents two clinical cases of children with DMD, characterized by different clinical presentations. After careful observation and functional assessment, two individualized rehabilitation plans were developed and implemented. Analysis of the interventions and the observed changes highlights improvements in overall functioning and confirms the importance of the neuropsychomotor approach. The thesis therefore aims to highlight, also through practical examples, the importance of neuropsychomotor intervention in the management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a field that is not yet fully consolidated across all services.
La distrofia muscolare di Duchenne (DMD) è una patologia neuromuscolare progressiva, ereditaria e legata al cromosoma X, che si manifesta quasi esclusivamente nei pazienti di sesso maschile. È causata da mutazioni del gene della distrofina, proteina essenziale per la stabilità e la funzionalità del muscolo: la sua assenza determina un processo degenerativo che conduce a disabilità motoria e a morte precoce, oggi posticipata alla terza o quarta decade di vita grazie ai progressi medico-farmacologici. Oltre al coinvolgimento motorio, la DMD si associa frequentemente a compromissioni cognitive, neuropsicologiche e socio-relazionali, poiché la distrofina è espressa anche a livello cerebrale. La letteratura evidenzia un quoziente intellettivo mediamente inferiore di circa una deviazione standard rispetto ai coetanei sani, con un tasso di disabilità intellettiva stimato intorno al 35%, frequenti disturbi specifici dell’apprendimento, comorbidità con disturbo dello spettro autistico nel 7% dei casi e ADHD nel 18%. In questo quadro complesso, il Terapista della Neuro e Psicomotricità dell’Età Evolutiva riveste un ruolo centrale: grazie a competenze sullo sviluppo infantile e a un approccio globale, basato sulla collaborazione con la famiglia e il contesto, l’intervento mira a sostenere le competenze residue e a promuovere quelle emergenti. La tesi presenta due casi clinici di bambini con DMD, caratterizzati da quadri differenti. Dopo un’attenta osservazione e valutazione funzionale, sono stati elaborati e applicati due progetti riabilitativi individualizzati. L’analisi degli interventi e dei cambiamenti osservati mette in evidenza miglioramenti nel funzionamento globale e conferma l’importanza dell’approccio neuropsicomotorio. L’elaborato si propone quindi di sottolineare, anche attraverso esempi pratici, la rilevanza dell’intervento neuropsicomotorio nella presa in carico della distrofia muscolare di Duchenne, ambito che non risulta ancora pienamente consolidato in tutti i servizi.
Il ruolo del Terapista della neuro e psicomotricità nella riabilitazione del bambino con distrofia muscolare di Duchenne
ZANI, JESSICA
2024/2025
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, hereditary, X-linked neuromuscular disease that occurs almost exclusively in males. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, a protein essential for muscle stability and function. Its absence causes a degenerative process that leads to motor disability and early death, now delayed until the third or fourth decade of life thanks to medical and pharmacological advances. In addition to motor involvement, DMD is frequently associated with cognitive, neuropsychological, and social-relational impairments, as dystrophin is also expressed in the brain. The literature highlights an average IQ approximately one standard deviation lower than healthy peers, with an estimated rate of intellectual disability of around 40%, frequent specific learning disabilities, comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder in 7% of cases, and ADHD in 18%. In this complex context, the Developmental Neuro- and Psychomotor Therapist plays a central role: thanks to their expertise in child development and a comprehensive approach based on collaboration with the family and the community, the intervention aims to support residual skills and promote emerging ones. The thesis presents two clinical cases of children with DMD, characterized by different clinical presentations. After careful observation and functional assessment, two individualized rehabilitation plans were developed and implemented. Analysis of the interventions and the observed changes highlights improvements in overall functioning and confirms the importance of the neuropsychomotor approach. The thesis therefore aims to highlight, also through practical examples, the importance of neuropsychomotor intervention in the management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a field that is not yet fully consolidated across all services.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi duchenne definitiva.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/97518