INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin secretion deficiency and hyperglycaemia. Its prevalence is particularly high in North Africa and Morocco is among the countries with the highest number of affected children worldwide. Families from these area who have immigrated to Italy often encounter greater difficulties in managing the disease due to language barriers, differences in dietary habits and, frequently, a lower level of education. These factors hinder access to adequate nutritional education, limiting families' autonomy in the daily management of their child's condition. OBJECTIVES: The study aims to provide families from Morocco with clear and accessible educational tools through a more culturally and linguistically sensitive approach in order to optimise the management of type 1 diabetes in children. The primary objective is to improve knowledge about the role of nutrition in glycaemic control. The intervention also aims to reduce parents' level of concern associated with diabetes management. Overall, the aim is to promote more informed and relaxed management of nutrition, with both clinical and psychological benefits for the child and their family. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects in the study are paediatric patients from Morocco with type 1 diabetes mellitus, treated at the dedicated clinic of the Paediatrics B Unit of the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona. The sample consisted of 15 patients (6 males and 9 females), with a mean age of 7.8 ± 3.4 years. The parents of the enrolled patients attended two nutrition education sessions, conducted with the support of a cultural mediator and aimed at teaching carbohydrate counting and hypoglycaemia management. At the end, a summary brochure was provided with information and materials useful for the daily management of diabetes. The parents of the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire at the beginning of the intervention (T0), with the collection of socio-demographic data and the assessment of nutritional knowledge and psychological well-being, and after 4 months (T1), limited to the reassessment of nutritional knowledge and psychological well-being. In addition, both at T0 and T1, anthropometric parameters and data relating to the patients' glycometabolic compensation were taken into account. RESULTS: The average score for caregivers' nutritional knowledge increased from 11.8 ± 1.3 to 13.7 ± 1.2 (p<0.001), showing a significant improvement in their ability to recognise foods containing carbohydrates and manage hypoglycaemia. The average level of concern and stress related to managing T1DM perceived by parents decreased from 7.3 ± 4.7 to 3.0 ± 2.8 (p<0.001). Clinically, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased from 8.4 ± 1.6% to 7.4 ± 0.7% (p<0.05), time in the optimal glycaemic range (70–180 mg/dl) increased from 51.4 ± 19.8% to 58.7 ± 11.7%, and time in severe hyperglycaemia (>250 mg/dl) decreased from 15.7 ± 22.3% to 10.9 ± 8.9%. The time spent in hypoglycaemia (<70 mg/dl) remained stable (1.9 ± 1.3% vs 1.8 ± 1.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The intercultural educational programme proved effective in improving knowledge, self-management, psychological well-being and glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their families. Despite the small sample size, the results suggest that culturally adapted educational programmes and teaching materials are a valuable tool for improving family self-management, quality of life and glycaemic profile in paediatric patients from different cultural backgrounds.
INTRODUZIONE: il diabete mellito di tipo 1 (DMT1) è una patologia cronica autoimmune caratterizzata da deficit della secrezione insulinica e iperglicemia. La prevalenza è particolarmente elevata nella regione del Nord Africa e il Marocco si colloca tra i primi Paesi al mondo per numero di minori affetti. Le famiglie provenienti da quest’area, immigrate in Italia, incontrano spesso maggiori difficoltà nella gestione della malattia a causa di barriere linguistiche, differenze nelle abitudini alimentari e, frequentemente, un livello di istruzione inferiore. Questi fattori ostacolano l’accesso a un’adeguata educazione nutrizionale, limitando l’autonomia delle famiglie nella gestione quotidiana della patologia. OBIETTIVO: lo studio mira a fornire alle famiglie provenienti dal Marocco strumenti educativi chiari e accessibili attraverso un approccio più sensibile dal punto di vista culturale e linguistico allo scopo di ottimizzare la gestione del diabete di tipo 1 nei bambini. L'obiettivo primario è quello di migliorare le conoscenze sul ruolo dell’alimentazione nel controllo glicemico. L’intervento ha lo scopo inoltre di ridurre il livello preoccupazione dei genitori associato alla gestione del diabete. Nel complesso si intende favorire una gestione più consapevole e serena dell’alimentazione, con benefici sia sul piano clinico che psicologico per il bambino e la sua famiglia. MATERIALI E METODI: I soggetti in studio sono pazienti pediatrici di origine marocchina affetti da diabete mellito di tipo 1, seguiti presso l’ambulatorio dedicato dell’UOC Pediatria B dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona. Il campione è composto da 15 pazienti (6 maschi e 9 femmine), con un’età media di 7,8 ± 3,4 anni. I genitori dei pazienti arruolati hanno partecipato a due incontri di educazione alimentare, svolti con il supporto di un mediatore culturale e finalizzati all’apprendimento della conta dei carboidrati e della gestione delle ipoglicemie. Al termine è stata consegnata una brochure riassuntiva con informazioni e materiale utile alla gestione quotidiana del diabete. Ai genitori dei pazienti è stato richiesto di compilare un questionario all’inizio dell’intervento (T0), con la raccolta di dati socio-demografici e la valutazione delle conoscenze nutrizionali e del benessere psicologico, e dopo 4 mesi (T1), limitatamente alla rivalutazione di conoscenze nutrizionali e benessere psicologico. Inoltre, sia a T0, sia a T1 sono stati presi in considerazione parametri antropometrici e dati relativi al compenso glicometabolico dei pazienti. RISULTATI: Il punteggio medio delle conoscenze nutrizionali dei caregiver è aumentato da 11,8 ± 1,3 a 13,7 ± 1,2 (p<0,001), mostrando un miglioramento significativo nella capacità di riconoscere gli alimenti contenenti carboidrati e di gestire le ipoglicemie. Il livello medio di preoccupazione e stress relativo alla gestione del DMT1 percepito dai genitori si è ridotto da 7,3 ± 4,7 a 3,0 ± 2,8 (p<0,001). Sul piano clinico, l’emoglobina glicata (HbA1c) è diminuita da 8,4 ± 1,6% a 7,4 ± 0,7% (p<0,05), il tempo nel range glicemico ottimale (70 – 180 mg/dl) è aumentato da 51,4 ± 19,8% a 58,7 ± 11,7% e il tempo in iperglicemia severa (>250 mg/dl) si è ridotto da 15,7 ± 22,3% a 10,9 ± 8,9%. Il tempo in ipoglicemia (<70 mg/dl) è rimasto stabile (1,9 ± 1,3% vs 1,8 ± 1,5%). CONCLUSIONI: Il percorso educativo interculturale si è dimostrato efficace nel migliorare conoscenze, livello di autogestione e benessere psicologico e controllo glicemico nei bambini con diabete mellito di tipo 1 e nelle loro famiglie. Nonostante la ridotta numerosità campionaria, i risultati suggeriscono che programmi educativi e materiale didattico culturalmente adattati rappresentano un valido strumento per migliorare l’autogestione familiare, la qualità di vita e il profilo glicometabolico dei pazienti pediatrici di diversa origine culturale.
APPROCCIO EDUCATIVO INTERCULTURALE PER MIGLIORARE LE CONOSCENZE NUTRIZIONALI E LA GESTIONE DEL DIABETE MELLITO DI TIPO 1 IN ETÀ PEDIATRICA: STUDIO PILOTA RIVOLTO A FAMIGLIE ORIGINARIE DEL MAROCCO
DE CRISTAN, CATERINA
2024/2025
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin secretion deficiency and hyperglycaemia. Its prevalence is particularly high in North Africa and Morocco is among the countries with the highest number of affected children worldwide. Families from these area who have immigrated to Italy often encounter greater difficulties in managing the disease due to language barriers, differences in dietary habits and, frequently, a lower level of education. These factors hinder access to adequate nutritional education, limiting families' autonomy in the daily management of their child's condition. OBJECTIVES: The study aims to provide families from Morocco with clear and accessible educational tools through a more culturally and linguistically sensitive approach in order to optimise the management of type 1 diabetes in children. The primary objective is to improve knowledge about the role of nutrition in glycaemic control. The intervention also aims to reduce parents' level of concern associated with diabetes management. Overall, the aim is to promote more informed and relaxed management of nutrition, with both clinical and psychological benefits for the child and their family. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects in the study are paediatric patients from Morocco with type 1 diabetes mellitus, treated at the dedicated clinic of the Paediatrics B Unit of the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona. The sample consisted of 15 patients (6 males and 9 females), with a mean age of 7.8 ± 3.4 years. The parents of the enrolled patients attended two nutrition education sessions, conducted with the support of a cultural mediator and aimed at teaching carbohydrate counting and hypoglycaemia management. At the end, a summary brochure was provided with information and materials useful for the daily management of diabetes. The parents of the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire at the beginning of the intervention (T0), with the collection of socio-demographic data and the assessment of nutritional knowledge and psychological well-being, and after 4 months (T1), limited to the reassessment of nutritional knowledge and psychological well-being. In addition, both at T0 and T1, anthropometric parameters and data relating to the patients' glycometabolic compensation were taken into account. RESULTS: The average score for caregivers' nutritional knowledge increased from 11.8 ± 1.3 to 13.7 ± 1.2 (p<0.001), showing a significant improvement in their ability to recognise foods containing carbohydrates and manage hypoglycaemia. The average level of concern and stress related to managing T1DM perceived by parents decreased from 7.3 ± 4.7 to 3.0 ± 2.8 (p<0.001). Clinically, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased from 8.4 ± 1.6% to 7.4 ± 0.7% (p<0.05), time in the optimal glycaemic range (70–180 mg/dl) increased from 51.4 ± 19.8% to 58.7 ± 11.7%, and time in severe hyperglycaemia (>250 mg/dl) decreased from 15.7 ± 22.3% to 10.9 ± 8.9%. The time spent in hypoglycaemia (<70 mg/dl) remained stable (1.9 ± 1.3% vs 1.8 ± 1.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The intercultural educational programme proved effective in improving knowledge, self-management, psychological well-being and glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their families. Despite the small sample size, the results suggest that culturally adapted educational programmes and teaching materials are a valuable tool for improving family self-management, quality of life and glycaemic profile in paediatric patients from different cultural backgrounds.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99028