Introduction: Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) is a condition of major clinical and public health relevance, associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality as well as a higher risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive disorders in adulthood. In addition to genetic, fetal, and placental factors, the role of maternal nutrition is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of fetal growth. Unbalanced diets, inadequate energy intake, and micronutrient deficiencies may represent modifiable risk factors. Study Objectives:This study aims to evaluate the nutritional status of a group of pregnant women by analyzing anthropometric data, energy intake, macro- and micronutrient consumption, and supplement use, comparing these results with the 2024 LARN reference values. A further objective is to compare the nutritional and clinical profiles of women with FGR/IUGR and those with adequate fetal growth, including an assessment of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Materials and Methods: An observational case–control study was conducted on a group of pregnant women attending the Department of Women’s and Children’s Health at the University Hospital of Padua (AOU), including participants from a recent PRIN cohort (2024–2025) and a historical cohort (2016–2018). Dietary habits were assessed using a 24-hour recall, Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and MedQ-Sus. Anthropometric, clinical, and supplementation data were collected. Nutrient intakes were estimated using the Metadieta software and compared to the 2024 LARN values. Data were entered into Excel and analyzed using Stata (version 18) and Jamovi (version 2.6). Variables were described using median and interquartile range or mean and standard deviation. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, contingency tables with chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The total sample included 93 pregnant women: 48 with FGR and 45 AGA. Energy and macronutrient intakes were similar between the FGR and non-FGR groups. Among micronutrients, calcium and vitamin D were frequently inadequate in both cohorts. Iron deficiency was significantly associated with a higher probability of belonging to the FGR group (OR = 3.62; p = 0.031), while vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (OR = 6.62; p = 0.004). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was generally low and did not differ between groups. Comparison between cohorts showed differences in micronutrient intake likely related to varying supplementation practices. Conclusions: The study reveals an overall dietary pattern intermediate between a Mediterranean and Western diet. Despite the limited sample size, intakes of certain micronutrients—particularly calcium, vitamin D, and iron—appear suboptimal. Targeted nutritional interventions could promote a more balanced diet and greater adherence to the Mediterranean model, support early screening for deficiencies, and more effectively enhance maternal–fetal health.
Introduzione: La restrizione della crescita fetale (FGR) è una condizione di rilevanza clinica e di sanità pubblica, associata a maggior morbilità e mortalità perinatale e a un aumentato rischio di patologie metaboliche, cardiovascolari e neurocognitive in età adulta. Oltre ai fattori genetici, fetali e placentari, il ruolo della nutrizione materna è sempre più riconosciuto come elemento determinante della crescita fetale. Diete sbilanciate, apporto energetico insufficiente e carenze di micronutrienti possono costituire fattori di rischio modificabili. Obiettivi dello studio: Lo studio mira a valutare lo stato nutrizionale di un gruppo di gestanti analizzando dati antropometrici, apporto energetico, introiti di macro- e micronutrienti e supplementazione, confrontandoli con i LARN 2024. Mira a confrontare poi i profili nutrizionali e clinici di gestanti con FGR/IUGR e con crescita adeguata, e valutando l’aderenza alla dieta mediterranea. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale caso-controllo su un gruppo di gestanti afferenti al Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino dell’AOU di Padova, provenienti da una coorte recente PRIN (2024–2025) e una coorte storica (2016–2018). Le abitudini alimentari sono state valutate tramite recall delle 24 ore, FFQ e MedQ-Sus; sono stati raccolti dati antropometrici, clinici e sulla supplementazione. Gli apporti nutrizionali sono stati stimati con Metadieta e confrontati con i LARN 2024. I dati sono stati inseriti nel programma Excel ed analizzati con i programmi statistici Stata (versione 18) e Jamovi (versione 2.6). Le variabili sono state descritte mediante mediana e intervallo interquartile o media e deviazione standard. Il confronto tra gruppi è stato effettuato mediante test U di Mann-Whitney o mediante tabelle di contingenza e test chi-quadrato o test estratto di Fisher, considerando significativo un valore di p<0.05. Risultati: Il campione totale è rappresentato da 93 gestanti: 48 con FGR e 45 AGA. I gruppi FGR e non FGR mostrano apporti di energia e macronutrienti simili. Tra i micronutrienti, calcio e vitamina D risultano spesso insufficienti in entrambe le coorti. Il deficit di ferro risulta significativamente associato a una maggiore probabilità di appartenere al gruppo FGR (OR=3.62; p=0.031), mentre il deficit di vitamina D è associato al rischio di parto pretermine (OR= 6.62; p=0.004). L’aderenza alla dieta mediterranea è mediamente bassa e non differisce tra i gruppi. Il confronto tra coorti evidenzia variazioni nei micronutrienti legate potenzialmente a diverse pratiche di supplementazione. Conclusioni Lo studio indica un pattern alimentare intermedio tra modello alimentare mediterraneo e occidentale. Nonostante la limitata numerosità campionaria, gli apporti di alcuni micronutrienti, in particolare calcio, vitamina D e ferro, risultano ottimizzabili. Un intervento nutrizionale mirato potrebbe rafforzare l’adozione di una dieta equilibrata e più aderente al modello mediterraneo, promuovendo uno screening precoce delle carenze e supportando in modo più efficace la salute materno-fetale.
Possibile ruolo della nutrizione materna nella patogenesi della restrizione della crescita fetale (FGR): valutazione delle abitudini alimentari in un gruppo di gestanti e confronto con le recenti linee guida (LARN 2024)
FERELLO, ELISA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) is a condition of major clinical and public health relevance, associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality as well as a higher risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive disorders in adulthood. In addition to genetic, fetal, and placental factors, the role of maternal nutrition is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of fetal growth. Unbalanced diets, inadequate energy intake, and micronutrient deficiencies may represent modifiable risk factors. Study Objectives:This study aims to evaluate the nutritional status of a group of pregnant women by analyzing anthropometric data, energy intake, macro- and micronutrient consumption, and supplement use, comparing these results with the 2024 LARN reference values. A further objective is to compare the nutritional and clinical profiles of women with FGR/IUGR and those with adequate fetal growth, including an assessment of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Materials and Methods: An observational case–control study was conducted on a group of pregnant women attending the Department of Women’s and Children’s Health at the University Hospital of Padua (AOU), including participants from a recent PRIN cohort (2024–2025) and a historical cohort (2016–2018). Dietary habits were assessed using a 24-hour recall, Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and MedQ-Sus. Anthropometric, clinical, and supplementation data were collected. Nutrient intakes were estimated using the Metadieta software and compared to the 2024 LARN values. Data were entered into Excel and analyzed using Stata (version 18) and Jamovi (version 2.6). Variables were described using median and interquartile range or mean and standard deviation. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, contingency tables with chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The total sample included 93 pregnant women: 48 with FGR and 45 AGA. Energy and macronutrient intakes were similar between the FGR and non-FGR groups. Among micronutrients, calcium and vitamin D were frequently inadequate in both cohorts. Iron deficiency was significantly associated with a higher probability of belonging to the FGR group (OR = 3.62; p = 0.031), while vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (OR = 6.62; p = 0.004). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was generally low and did not differ between groups. Comparison between cohorts showed differences in micronutrient intake likely related to varying supplementation practices. Conclusions: The study reveals an overall dietary pattern intermediate between a Mediterranean and Western diet. Despite the limited sample size, intakes of certain micronutrients—particularly calcium, vitamin D, and iron—appear suboptimal. Targeted nutritional interventions could promote a more balanced diet and greater adherence to the Mediterranean model, support early screening for deficiencies, and more effectively enhance maternal–fetal health.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99030