Background: Pain represents one of the most frequent pathological conditions in the healthcare field and, when it occurs during developmental age, it can be complex to recognize and manage. In children, in fact, the difficulty in verbalizing and describing the pain experience can hinder the assessment process by healthcare professionals, with the risk of underestimating its real intensity and failing to identify the nature of the pain. This underestimation inevitably results in negative consequences on the child’s quality of life and, consequently, on that of the entire family unit. It therefore becomes essential for the physiotherapist to bridge the gap between scientific evidence and clinical practice, adopting a global approach that combines technical skills and relational abilities, placing at the center the well-being of the child and his or her family. Aim of the study: To explore the knowledge, strategies, and difficulties of Italian physiotherapists in the management of pain in developmental age, with the aim of investigating their clinical and educational approach. At the same time, to describe the assessment tools and non-pharmacological techniques recommended by the most recent scientific literature. Materials and methods: In order to answer the research questions, a survey questionnaire was developed and administered to physiotherapists working in the field of developmental age at the national level. Results: Fifty-six pediatric physiotherapists responded to the questionnaire. Data analysis highlighted shortcomings in university and professional training among a significant number of participants. In particular, 87.5% of the sample reported feeling the need for further study on the topic. A widespread difficulty also emerged in identifying and assessing pain, especially in young children and/or those with cognitive impairments. Regarding non-pharmacological treatment, the most commonly used physical techniques were manual therapy, with massage being the most frequently employed, while among cognitive-behavioral approaches, distraction strategies were the most common. Although 57.2% of the physiotherapists interviewed often work with children experiencing pain, 23.6% stated that they were not familiar with specific non-pharmacological techniques, confirming this area as one of the main educational needs. Additional critical issues identified by professionals concern the therapeutic alliance and, more generally, relational skills: many respondents emphasized the difficulty in gaining the patient’s trust, maintaining adherence to the rehabilitation program, and effectively managing interaction with the family. Conclusions: The study highlighted that pediatric pain, despite scientific progress and available guidelines, often remains underestimated and inadequately treated. The results confirm the need to strengthen physiotherapists’ training, as recommended by the Ministry in 2018, addressing both practical and relational aspects, and to further investigate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological techniques. The physiotherapist is therefore called to play an active role within the multidisciplinary team, integrating clinical skills and relational abilities to enable a child- and family-centered approach.
Background: Il dolore rappresenta una delle condizioni patologiche più frequenti in ambito sanitario e, quando si manifesta in età evolutiva, può essere complesso da riconoscere e gestire. Nei bambini, infatti, la difficoltà a verbalizzare e descrivere l’esperienza dolorosa può ostacolare il processo di valutazione da parte dei professionisti sanitari, con il rischio di sottostimare la reale intensità e di non cogliere la natura del dolore. Questa sottovalutazione si traduce inevitabilmente in conseguenze negative sulla qualità della vita del bambino e, di riflesso, su quella dell’intero nucleo familiare. Diventa quindi fondamentale che il fisioterapista colmi il divario tra evidenze scientifiche e pratica clinica, adottando un approccio globale che unisca competenze tecniche e abilità relazionali, con al centro il benessere del bambino e della sua famiglia. Obiettivo dello studio: Esplorare le conoscenze, le strategie e le difficoltà dei fisioterapisti italiani nella gestione del trattamento del dolore in età evolutiva, con l’intento di indagare il loro approccio clinico e formativo. Parallelamente, descrivere gli strumenti di valutazione e le tecniche non farmacologiche raccomandate dalla letteratura scientifica più recente. Materiali e metodi: Al fine di rispondere ai quesiti della tesi è stato elaborato un questionario conoscitivo, somministrato a fisioterapisti che operano nell’ambito dell’età evolutiva a livello nazionale. Risultati: Al questionario hanno risposto 56 fisioterapisti pediatrici. L’analisi dei dati ha messo in evidenza carenze nella formazione universitaria e professionale di un numero significativo di partecipanti. In particolare, l’87,5% del campione ha dichiarato di percepire la necessità di un ulteriore approfondimento sul tema. È emersa inoltre una difficoltà diffusa nell’individuazione e nella valutazione del dolore, soprattutto nei bambini piccoli e/o con deficit cognitivi. Per quanto riguarda il trattamento non farmacologico, le tecniche fisiche più utilizzate sono risultate la terapia manuale, e tra queste la più utilizzata è stata il massaggio, mentre tra quelle cognitivo-comportamentali le strategie di distrazione. Sebbene il 57,2% dei fisioterapisti intervistati lavori frequentemente con bambini che presentano dolore, il 23,60% ha dichiarato di non conoscere tecniche non farmacologiche specifiche, confermando il trattamento come uno dei principali bisogni formativi. Ulteriori criticità evidenziate dai professionisti riguardano l’alleanza terapeutica e, più in generale, le competenze relazionali: molti intervistati hanno sottolineato la difficoltà nel conquistare la fiducia del paziente, mantenere l’aderenza al percorso riabilitativo e gestire efficacemente l’interazione con la famiglia. Conclusioni: Lo studio ha messo in evidenza come il dolore pediatrico, nonostante i progressi scientifici e le linee guida disponibili, resti spesso sottovalutato e trattato in modo insufficiente. I risultati confermano la necessità di rafforzare la formazione dei fisioterapisti, così come indicato dal ministero nel 2018, sia sugli aspetti pratici sia su quelli relazionali, e di approfondire l’efficacia delle tecniche non farmacologiche. Il fisioterapista è quindi chiamato a svolgere un ruolo attivo all’interno dell’équipe multidisciplinare, integrando competenze cliniche e capacità relazionali per permettere un approccio centrato sul bambino e sulla sua famiglia.
INDAGINE CONOSCITIVA SULL’APPROCCIO FISIOTERAPICO AL DOLORE NELL’ETÀ EVOLUTIVA
FERRACINA, NICOLA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Pain represents one of the most frequent pathological conditions in the healthcare field and, when it occurs during developmental age, it can be complex to recognize and manage. In children, in fact, the difficulty in verbalizing and describing the pain experience can hinder the assessment process by healthcare professionals, with the risk of underestimating its real intensity and failing to identify the nature of the pain. This underestimation inevitably results in negative consequences on the child’s quality of life and, consequently, on that of the entire family unit. It therefore becomes essential for the physiotherapist to bridge the gap between scientific evidence and clinical practice, adopting a global approach that combines technical skills and relational abilities, placing at the center the well-being of the child and his or her family. Aim of the study: To explore the knowledge, strategies, and difficulties of Italian physiotherapists in the management of pain in developmental age, with the aim of investigating their clinical and educational approach. At the same time, to describe the assessment tools and non-pharmacological techniques recommended by the most recent scientific literature. Materials and methods: In order to answer the research questions, a survey questionnaire was developed and administered to physiotherapists working in the field of developmental age at the national level. Results: Fifty-six pediatric physiotherapists responded to the questionnaire. Data analysis highlighted shortcomings in university and professional training among a significant number of participants. In particular, 87.5% of the sample reported feeling the need for further study on the topic. A widespread difficulty also emerged in identifying and assessing pain, especially in young children and/or those with cognitive impairments. Regarding non-pharmacological treatment, the most commonly used physical techniques were manual therapy, with massage being the most frequently employed, while among cognitive-behavioral approaches, distraction strategies were the most common. Although 57.2% of the physiotherapists interviewed often work with children experiencing pain, 23.6% stated that they were not familiar with specific non-pharmacological techniques, confirming this area as one of the main educational needs. Additional critical issues identified by professionals concern the therapeutic alliance and, more generally, relational skills: many respondents emphasized the difficulty in gaining the patient’s trust, maintaining adherence to the rehabilitation program, and effectively managing interaction with the family. Conclusions: The study highlighted that pediatric pain, despite scientific progress and available guidelines, often remains underestimated and inadequately treated. The results confirm the need to strengthen physiotherapists’ training, as recommended by the Ministry in 2018, addressing both practical and relational aspects, and to further investigate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological techniques. The physiotherapist is therefore called to play an active role within the multidisciplinary team, integrating clinical skills and relational abilities to enable a child- and family-centered approach.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99238