Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disease whose natural history has been profoundly altered by the introduction of new therapies capable of slowing the disease. An increasing number of people with SMA are reaching adulthood with complex clinical, rehabilitative, and psychosocial needs, while the transition from pediatric to adult services often remains fragmented, poorly coordinated, and lacking structured models of continuity. In this context, physiotherapy, understood as comprehensive and not merely technical care, represents a cornerstone that is still poorly operationally defined. This thesis adopts a two-component design: a narrative review of the literature (2015–2025) on the rehabilitation needs and care of adolescents and young adults with SMA, and a qualitative case report on a patient-physiotherapist dyad (M., 28 years old, SMA type 3), based on two semi-structured interviews analyzed using thematic analysis. The review included 12 studies (reviews, consensus studies, surveys, qualitative studies), integrating clinical, rehabilitative, and psychosocial perspectives. The literature shows that rehabilitation of adults with SMA remains central but is supported by still partial evidence: there are key elements (joint mobility, postural management, preventive respiratory physiotherapy, prudent doses of exercise), but standardized protocols regarding intensity, frequency, and individual-centered outcomes are lacking. Transition is described as a critical time, with the risk of loss of follow-up, reduced rehabilitation intensity, and poor coordination. The clinical case highlights some specific needs that emerged from M.'s experience—system fatigue and the need for pacing, the laborious construction of micro-autonomy through aids and environmental adaptations, the organizational burden of care, respiratory vulnerability in emergency settings, ambivalent expectations regarding life-modifying therapies, the identity impact of progressive loss of function, and relational difficulties (the "three-way relationship: me, the other, the disease")—while also remembering that each young adult with SMA presents their own profile of needs and priorities, requiring individualized and truly person-centered care, considered holisticly within their life context. Overall, the findings converge in delineating transition as an "institutional void" in which the individual and caregivers often must self-organize pathways and decisions. By integrating a narrative review with an in-depth case study, this paper demonstrates that rehabilitation needs during transition are complex, dynamic, and multidimensional; It confirms the problem of fragmentation and clarifies its real-life effects; it reinforces the hypothesis of a comprehensive, integrated, and simultaneously palliative model. In this model, the physiotherapist acts as a bridge and pivotal figure in coordination and education along the continuum of care: through regular and close contact with the patient, they intercept early signs of change, coordinate the various professionals, calibrate motor and respiratory interventions to fatigue and energy cycles, support autonomy through aids and environmental adaptations, and make themselves available to address even more personal and intimate needs, helping to make treatment paths predictable and continuous during the delicate transition to adulthood.
L’atrofia muscolare spinale (SMA) è una malattia neuromuscolare rara la cui storia naturale è stata profondamente modificata dall’introduzione di nuove terapie in grado di rallentare la malattia. Sempre più persone con SMA raggiungono l’età adulta con bisogni clinici, riabilitativi e psicosociali complessi, mentre la fase di transizione dai servizi pediatrici a quelli per adulti rimane spesso frammentata, poco coordinata e priva di modelli strutturati di continuità. In questo contesto la fisioterapia, intesa come presa in carico globale e non solo tecnica, rappresenta un cardine ancora poco definito operativamente. La tesi adotta un disegno a due componenti: una revisione narrativa della letteratura (2015–2025) sui bisogni riabilitativi e la presa in cura di adolescenti e giovani adulti con SMA, e un case report qualitativo su una diade paziente–fisioterapista (M., 28 anni, SMA tipo 3), basato su due interviste semi-strutturate analizzate tramite analisi tematica. La revisione ha incluso 12 studi (revisioni, consensus, survey, studi qualitativi), integrando prospettive cliniche, riabilitative e psicosociali. Dalla letteratura emerge che la riabilitazione dell’adulto con SMA rimane centrale ma è sostenuta da evidenze ancora parziali: esistono punti fermi (mobilità articolare, gestione posturale, fisioterapia respiratoria preventiva, dosi prudenti di esercizio), ma mancano protocolli standardizzati su intensità, frequenza e outcome centrati sulla persona. La transizione è descritta come momento critico, con rischio di perdita di follow-up, riduzione dell’intensità riabilitativa e scarso coordinamento. Il caso clinico permette di portare in primo piano alcuni bisogni specifici emersi dall’esperienza di M. – la fatica “di sistema” e il bisogno di pacing, la costruzione faticosa di micro-autonomie tramite ausili e adattamenti ambientali, il carico organizzativo delle cure, la vulnerabilità respiratoria nei contesti di emergenza, le aspettative ambivalenti verso le terapie modificanti, l’impatto identitario della progressiva perdita di funzione e le difficoltà relazionali (la “relazione a tre: io, l’altro, la patologia”) – ricordando al contempo che ogni giovane adulto con SMA presenta un proprio profilo di bisogni e priorità, che richiede una presa in carico individualizzata e realmente centrata sulla persona, considerata a 360 gradi nel suo contesto di vita. Nel complesso, i risultati convergono nel delineare la transizione come un “vuoto istituzionale” in cui la persona e i caregiver devono spesso auto-organizzare percorsi e decisioni. Integrando una revisione narrativa con un caso in profondità, questo lavoro mostra che i bisogni riabilitativi nella transizione sono complessi, dinamici e multidimensionali; conferma il problema della frammentazione e ne chiarisce gli effetti sulla vita reale; rafforza l’ipotesi di un modello globale, integrato e simultaneamente palliativo. In questo modello il fisioterapista agisce come figura ponte e cardine del coordinamento e dell’educazione lungo il continuum di cura: grazie ai contatti periodici e ravvicinati con il paziente intercetta precocemente segnali di cambiamento, coordina i diversi professionisti, calibra gli interventi motori e respiratori sui cicli di fatica ed energia, sostiene l’autonomia attraverso ausili e adattamenti ambientali e si rende disponibile a cogliere anche bisogni più personali e intimi, contribuendo a rendere prevedibili e continui i percorsi di cura nella delicata fase di passaggio all’età adulta.
Bisogni riabilitativi e presa in cura dei giovani adulti con atrofia muscolare spinale (SMA): revisione della letteratura e case report.
MARCON, GIORGIO
2024/2025
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disease whose natural history has been profoundly altered by the introduction of new therapies capable of slowing the disease. An increasing number of people with SMA are reaching adulthood with complex clinical, rehabilitative, and psychosocial needs, while the transition from pediatric to adult services often remains fragmented, poorly coordinated, and lacking structured models of continuity. In this context, physiotherapy, understood as comprehensive and not merely technical care, represents a cornerstone that is still poorly operationally defined. This thesis adopts a two-component design: a narrative review of the literature (2015–2025) on the rehabilitation needs and care of adolescents and young adults with SMA, and a qualitative case report on a patient-physiotherapist dyad (M., 28 years old, SMA type 3), based on two semi-structured interviews analyzed using thematic analysis. The review included 12 studies (reviews, consensus studies, surveys, qualitative studies), integrating clinical, rehabilitative, and psychosocial perspectives. The literature shows that rehabilitation of adults with SMA remains central but is supported by still partial evidence: there are key elements (joint mobility, postural management, preventive respiratory physiotherapy, prudent doses of exercise), but standardized protocols regarding intensity, frequency, and individual-centered outcomes are lacking. Transition is described as a critical time, with the risk of loss of follow-up, reduced rehabilitation intensity, and poor coordination. The clinical case highlights some specific needs that emerged from M.'s experience—system fatigue and the need for pacing, the laborious construction of micro-autonomy through aids and environmental adaptations, the organizational burden of care, respiratory vulnerability in emergency settings, ambivalent expectations regarding life-modifying therapies, the identity impact of progressive loss of function, and relational difficulties (the "three-way relationship: me, the other, the disease")—while also remembering that each young adult with SMA presents their own profile of needs and priorities, requiring individualized and truly person-centered care, considered holisticly within their life context. Overall, the findings converge in delineating transition as an "institutional void" in which the individual and caregivers often must self-organize pathways and decisions. By integrating a narrative review with an in-depth case study, this paper demonstrates that rehabilitation needs during transition are complex, dynamic, and multidimensional; It confirms the problem of fragmentation and clarifies its real-life effects; it reinforces the hypothesis of a comprehensive, integrated, and simultaneously palliative model. In this model, the physiotherapist acts as a bridge and pivotal figure in coordination and education along the continuum of care: through regular and close contact with the patient, they intercept early signs of change, coordinate the various professionals, calibrate motor and respiratory interventions to fatigue and energy cycles, support autonomy through aids and environmental adaptations, and make themselves available to address even more personal and intimate needs, helping to make treatment paths predictable and continuous during the delicate transition to adulthood.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99242