Background: Concussions are a common injury during sport practice and may even occur in everyday life. While symptoms related to the CNS and vestibulo-ocular system are widely examined during the initial evaluation, the cervical spine is often overlooked and impairments may go unnoticed, even if in recent literature there are rising evidences about the effects of cervical dysfunctions. Aim: This scoping review aims to summarize the literature regarding the evaluation of the cervical spine in those who have recently suffered a concussion and to propose a reproducible and clinically applicable protocol for cervical spine assessment, facilitating the differential diagnosis regarding which structure is the primary source of symptoms. A precise diagnosis can guide clinicians in choosing the best treatment for the patient, maximizing the outcome and reducing the duration of symptoms. Methods: A scoping review was conducted on 4 databases, following the PRISMA guidelines, to September 2025. Papers were eligible if they respected the inclusion criteria regarding the year of publication, between 2019 and 2025, the language of publication, English, and the types of studies. Non-original articles and single case reports were excluded, an exception was made for narrative reviews due to their relevance to the research aim. Results: In the literature there is no widely recognized and validated protocol for cervical spine assessment in those who have recently suffered a concussion, most of the time it is conducted by excluding other structures as the primary cause of the symptoms or not using a sufficiently exhaustive battery of tests . However the studies analyzed in this review utilized a large variety of clinical testings to assess the correct functioning of the neck from both a mechanical and proprioceptive point of view, examining sensorimotor control and the presence of pain, and linking the results to the rehabilitation phase. Conclusions: Some studies show that pain in the neck can inhibit the action of the muscles involved in the painful movement and consequently alter the afferent information coming from them, leading to impaired sensorimotor control. Faulty sensorimotor control can induce symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and fatigue, as well as perpetuate pain and lead to PPCS. An exhaustive assessment of a concussion must include a physical evaluation of the cervical spine and verification of the correct functioning of this structure. Even though there is no widely recognized protocol for the evaluation, a multitude of validated tests is present in the literature and can be used during the assessment of the cervical spine. In the vast majority of the articles examined positive test results were considered as a sign of the necessity for a tailored rehabilitation program. Aside from the scoping review, in this work we propose a standardized protocol for the evaluation of the cervical spine, consisting of a physical examination and a series of validated tests, to support the global evaluation of the concussed patient. Keywords: Concussion; Cervical Spine; Testing; Sensorimotor control; Symptoms; Rehabilitation.
Riassunto Contesto: La commozione cerebrale rappresenta un infortunio frequente durante la pratica sportiva e può verificarsi anche nella vita quotidiana. Sebbene i sintomi riconducibili al sistema nervoso centrale e al sistema vestibolo-oculare vengano ampiamente indagati durante la valutazione iniziale, la colonna cervicale risulta spesso trascurata, con il rischio che disfunzioni clinicamente rilevanti passino inosservate. La letteratura recente, tuttavia, evidenzia un crescente interesse per le conseguenze associate a disfunzioni cervicali. Obiettivo: La presente scoping review si propone di sintetizzare le evidenze disponibili riguardanti la valutazione della colonna cervicale nei soggetti che hanno recentemente subito una commozione cerebrale, nonché di proporre un protocollo riproducibile e clinicamente applicabile per l’assessment cervicale. Tale approccio mira a facilitare la diagnosi differenziale rispetto alla struttura che costituisce la fonte primaria dei sintomi. Una diagnosi accurata rappresenta infatti un prerequisito essenziale per guidare il clinico nella scelta dell’intervento terapeutico più appropriato, ottimizzando gli esiti e riducendo la durata della sintomatologia. Metodi: È stata condotta una scoping review su quattro database, in conformità con le linee guida PRISMA, fino a settembre 2025. Sono stati considerati eleggibili gli studi pubblicati in lingua inglese tra il 2019 e il 2025, conformi ai criteri di inclusione prestabiliti. Sono stati esclusi articoli non originali e case report singoli; un’eccezione è stata fatta per le narrative review, incluse per la loro rilevanza in relazione agli obiettivi della ricerca. Risultati: L’analisi della letteratura ha evidenziato l’assenza di un protocollo ampiamente riconosciuto e validato per la valutazione della colonna cervicale nei soggetti con recente commozione cerebrale. Nella maggior parte dei casi, la valutazione viene effettuata escludendo altre strutture come causa primaria della sintomatologia o ricorrendo a batterie di test non sufficientemente esaustive. Gli studi inclusi hanno tuttavia impiegato un’ampia gamma di test clinici finalizzati a valutare il funzionamento del rachide cervicale sia dal punto di vista meccanico sia propriocettivo, indagando il controllo sensomotorio, la presenza di dolore e correlando i risultati con le fasi del percorso riabilitativo. Conclusioni: Alcuni studi suggeriscono che il dolore cervicale possa inibire l’attività dei muscoli coinvolti nel movimento doloroso, alterando conseguentemente l’informazione afferente e compromettendo il controllo sensomotorio. Un controllo sensomotorio deficitario può determinare sintomi quali vertigini, nausea e affaticamento, oltre a perpetuare il dolore e favorire lo sviluppo di sindrome post-commozione persistente (PPCS). Una valutazione completa della commozione cerebrale dovrebbe pertanto includere un esame fisico approfondito della colonna cervicale, con verifica del corretto funzionamento della stessa. Pur in assenza di un protocollo universalmente riconosciuto, la letteratura descrive numerosi test validati che possono essere integrati nell’assessment del rachide cervicale. Nella maggior parte degli articoli analizzati, l’esito positivo ai test è stato interpretato come indicatore della necessità di un programma riabilitativo personalizzato. Oltre alla revisione della letteratura, il presente studio propone un protocollo standardizzato per la valutazione della colonna cervicale, basato su esame clinico e su una serie di test validati, al fine di supportare la valutazione globale del paziente con commozione cerebrale.
Valutazione del rachide cervicale e implicazioni riabilitative nei pazienti con concussione cerebrale: una scoping review
MONTEFUSCO, ALESSANDRO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Concussions are a common injury during sport practice and may even occur in everyday life. While symptoms related to the CNS and vestibulo-ocular system are widely examined during the initial evaluation, the cervical spine is often overlooked and impairments may go unnoticed, even if in recent literature there are rising evidences about the effects of cervical dysfunctions. Aim: This scoping review aims to summarize the literature regarding the evaluation of the cervical spine in those who have recently suffered a concussion and to propose a reproducible and clinically applicable protocol for cervical spine assessment, facilitating the differential diagnosis regarding which structure is the primary source of symptoms. A precise diagnosis can guide clinicians in choosing the best treatment for the patient, maximizing the outcome and reducing the duration of symptoms. Methods: A scoping review was conducted on 4 databases, following the PRISMA guidelines, to September 2025. Papers were eligible if they respected the inclusion criteria regarding the year of publication, between 2019 and 2025, the language of publication, English, and the types of studies. Non-original articles and single case reports were excluded, an exception was made for narrative reviews due to their relevance to the research aim. Results: In the literature there is no widely recognized and validated protocol for cervical spine assessment in those who have recently suffered a concussion, most of the time it is conducted by excluding other structures as the primary cause of the symptoms or not using a sufficiently exhaustive battery of tests . However the studies analyzed in this review utilized a large variety of clinical testings to assess the correct functioning of the neck from both a mechanical and proprioceptive point of view, examining sensorimotor control and the presence of pain, and linking the results to the rehabilitation phase. Conclusions: Some studies show that pain in the neck can inhibit the action of the muscles involved in the painful movement and consequently alter the afferent information coming from them, leading to impaired sensorimotor control. Faulty sensorimotor control can induce symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and fatigue, as well as perpetuate pain and lead to PPCS. An exhaustive assessment of a concussion must include a physical evaluation of the cervical spine and verification of the correct functioning of this structure. Even though there is no widely recognized protocol for the evaluation, a multitude of validated tests is present in the literature and can be used during the assessment of the cervical spine. In the vast majority of the articles examined positive test results were considered as a sign of the necessity for a tailored rehabilitation program. Aside from the scoping review, in this work we propose a standardized protocol for the evaluation of the cervical spine, consisting of a physical examination and a series of validated tests, to support the global evaluation of the concussed patient. Keywords: Concussion; Cervical Spine; Testing; Sensorimotor control; Symptoms; Rehabilitation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99243