Definition of the problem: Chronic whiplash-associated disorders (cWAD) constitute a complex range of musculoskeletal symptoms that are often accompanied by psychosocial complications such as catastrophising, fear of movement and post-traumatic disorders. Objective: This narrative review aims to critically analyse the role of physiotherapy in the management of chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Through the most recent literature, the study aims to identify the best rehabilitation approaches for the management and treat-ment of this condition. Materials and methods: The study conducted a bibliographic search in the PubMed, PEDro and Cochrane Library databases from March to August 2025. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomised clinical trials from the last 5 years relating to adult patients with cWAD were included. The interventions considered were: therapeutic exercise, manual ther-apy, education and cognitive-behavioural approaches. The main outcomes assessed were: pain reduction, improvement in disability, cervical function, and quality of life. Results: The search initially identified 748 studies. After applying the selection criteria, 16 scientific articles were found to be relevant. The evidence collected confirms the central role of therapeutic exercise as a first-line intervention in cWAD. Cognitive-behavioural interven-tions are effective in reducing associated psychological symptoms but do not show superiori-ty over integrated physiotherapy treatments in the long term. The heterogeneity of the proto-cols and the variety of outcomes measured make direct comparison between studies complex. Discussion: the synthesis of the data clearly shows that the management of cWAD requires a multimodal and personalised approach. The integration of education, stress management techniques and pain neuroscience education strategies improves patient awareness and pro-motes lasting cognitive-behavioural change. Conclusions: Physiotherapy is now an essential component in the management of cWAD, thanks to its ability to integrate active, educational and cognitive approaches. However, the lack of standardised protocols, high methodological heterogeneity and individual variability among patients necessitate further high-quality research.
Definizione del problema: i disturbi cronici associati al colpo di frusta o chronic whiplash-associated disorders (cWAD) costituiscono una complessa gamma di sintomi muscolosche-letrici che spesso vengono accompagnati da complicanze psico-sociali come catastrofizza-zione, paura del movimento e disturbi post traumatici. Obiettivo: la presente revisione narrativa ha lo scopo di analizzare criticamente il ruolo del-la fisioterapia nella gestione dei disturbi cronici associati al colpo di frusta. Attraverso la letteratura più recente, il lavoro intende individuare i migliori approcci riabilitativi rivolti alla gestione e trattamento di questa condizione. Materiali e metodi: lo studio ha condotto una ricerca bibliografica nei database PubMed, PEDro e Cochrane Library, da marzo ad agosto 2025. Sono state incluse revisioni sistemati-che, meta-analisi e trial clinici randomizzati degli ultimi 5 anni relativi a pazienti adulti con cWAD. Gli interventi considerati riguardavano: esercizio terapeutico, terapia manuale, edu-cazione e approcci cognitivo-comportamentali. Gli outcome principali valutati erano: ridu-zione del dolore, miglioramento della disabilità, della funzione cervicale e della qualità di vita. Risultati: la ricerca ha inizialmente individuato 748 studi. Con l’applicazione dei criteri di selezione sono risultati pertinenti 16 articoli scientifici. Le evidenze raccolte confermano il ruolo centrale dell’esercizio terapeutico come intervento di prima linea nei cWAD. Gli in-terventi cognitivo-comportamentali, risultano efficaci nel ridurre i sintomi psicologici asso-ciati, ma non mostrano superiorità rispetto a trattamenti fisioterapici integrati sul lungo termine. L’eterogeneità dei protocolli e la varietà degli outcome misurati rendono complesso il confronto diretto tra gli studi. Discussione: dalla sintesi dei dati emerge con chiarezza che la gestione dei cWAD richiede un approccio multimodale e personalizzato. L’integrazione di educazione, tecniche di ge-stione dello stress e strategie di pain neuroscience education consente di migliorare la con-sapevolezza del paziente e di favorire un cambiamento cognitivo-comportamentale duraturo. Conclusioni: la fisioterapia rappresenta oggi una componente imprescindibile nella gestione dei cWAD, grazie alla sua capacità di integrare approcci attivi, educativi e cognitivi. Tutta-via, la mancanza di protocolli standardizzati, l’elevata eterogeneità metodologica e la varia-bilità individuale dei pazienti rendono necessarie ulteriori ricerche di alta qualità.
La fisioterapia nei disturbi cronici associati al colpo di frusta: una revisione narrativa della letteratura
SIMONETTO, PIETRO
2024/2025
Abstract
Definition of the problem: Chronic whiplash-associated disorders (cWAD) constitute a complex range of musculoskeletal symptoms that are often accompanied by psychosocial complications such as catastrophising, fear of movement and post-traumatic disorders. Objective: This narrative review aims to critically analyse the role of physiotherapy in the management of chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Through the most recent literature, the study aims to identify the best rehabilitation approaches for the management and treat-ment of this condition. Materials and methods: The study conducted a bibliographic search in the PubMed, PEDro and Cochrane Library databases from March to August 2025. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomised clinical trials from the last 5 years relating to adult patients with cWAD were included. The interventions considered were: therapeutic exercise, manual ther-apy, education and cognitive-behavioural approaches. The main outcomes assessed were: pain reduction, improvement in disability, cervical function, and quality of life. Results: The search initially identified 748 studies. After applying the selection criteria, 16 scientific articles were found to be relevant. The evidence collected confirms the central role of therapeutic exercise as a first-line intervention in cWAD. Cognitive-behavioural interven-tions are effective in reducing associated psychological symptoms but do not show superiori-ty over integrated physiotherapy treatments in the long term. The heterogeneity of the proto-cols and the variety of outcomes measured make direct comparison between studies complex. Discussion: the synthesis of the data clearly shows that the management of cWAD requires a multimodal and personalised approach. The integration of education, stress management techniques and pain neuroscience education strategies improves patient awareness and pro-motes lasting cognitive-behavioural change. Conclusions: Physiotherapy is now an essential component in the management of cWAD, thanks to its ability to integrate active, educational and cognitive approaches. However, the lack of standardised protocols, high methodological heterogeneity and individual variability among patients necessitate further high-quality research.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99250