Introduction: patellar tendinopathy is a common condition among athletes, characterized by anterior knee pain, functional impairment, and reduced load tolerance. Exercise-based rehabilitation protocols, particularly eccentric or progressive resistance training, are the gold standard of treatment. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that tendon pain is not exclusively related to local structural changes but involves central neuroplastic mechanisms. In this context, Tendon Neuroplastic Training (TNT) has emerged as an innovative approach capable of integrating mechanical loading and neurocognitive stimulation. Objective: literature review of TNT in the management of patellar tendinopathy, evaluating its effects on pain, function and clinical outcomes over time (return to sport and patient satisfaction). Materials and methods: the study consisted of a narrative review conducted between January and August 2025 on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, PEDro, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Randomized controlled or pilot clinical trials published from 2000 to 2025 on adults diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy were included. The interventions considered included TNT protocols or external attentional focus exercises. The primary outcomes assessed were: pain (VAS/NPRS), function (VISA-P), strength (MIVC), and return to sport. Results and discussion: the search identified 462 articles from which, after applying exclusion criteria, six randomized clinical trials were selected, conducted on athletes diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy between 2015 and 2021. The results showed a reduction in pain with immediate analgesic effects, improved cortical control of movement and strength, and an earlier return to sport. However, the extent and duration of the effect vary between studies, with some studies failing to confirm absolute superiority over isotonic or HSR exercises, favoring the integration of TNT with progressive loading protocols. Conclusions: TNT represents a promising rehabilitative approach in the management of patellar tendinopathy. By integrating mechanical and neurocognitive stimulation, it allows for targeting both peripheral and central pain mechanisms, optimizing motor response. The appropriately personalized clinical application of TNT can contribute to improving the quality of functional recovery and the effectiveness of physiotherapy rehabilitation. Keywords: patellar tendinopathy, Tendon Neuroplastic Training, neuroplasticity, rehabilitation, isometric exercise, tendon pain, motor control.
Introduzione: la tendinopatia rotulea è una condizione comune tra gli atleti, caratterizzata da dolore anteriore di ginocchio, deficit funzionale e ridotta tolleranza al carico. I protocolli riabilitativi basati sull’esercizio, in particolare quelli eccentrici o a resistenza progressiva, rappresentano il trattamento di riferimento. Tuttavia, numerose evidenze indicano che il dolore tendineo non sia esclusivamente correlato a modifiche strutturali locali, ma coinvolga meccanismi neuroplastici centrali. In questo contesto, il Tendon Neuroplastic Training (TNT) è emerso come un approccio innovativo capace di integrare carico meccanico e stimolazione neurocognitiva. Obiettivo: studio in letteratura del TNT nella gestione della tendinopatia rotulea, valutandone gli effetti su dolore, funzione e outcome clinici nel tempo (return to sport e soddisfazione del paziente). Materiali e metodi: lo studio consiste in una revisione narrativa condotta tra gennaio e agosto 2025 su PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, PEDro e Cochrane CENTRAL. Sono stati inclusi studi clinici randomizzati, controllati o pilota pubblicati dal 2000 al 2025, su soggetti adulti con diagnosi di tendinopatia rotulea. Gli interventi considerati comprendevano protocolli TNT o esercizi con focus attentivo esterno. Gli outcome principali valutati sono stati: dolore (VAS/NPRS), funzionalità (VISA-P), forza (MIVC) e ritorno allo sport. Risultati e discussione: la ricerca ha rilevato 462 articoli dai quali, dopo l’applicazione dei criteri di esclusione, sono stati selezionati 6 studi clinici randomizzati, condotti su atleti con diagnosi di tendinopatia rotulea tra il 2015 e il 2021. I risultati evidenziano una riduzione del dolore con effetti analgesici immediati, un miglioramento del controllo corticale del movimento, della forza e un ritorno precoce alla pratica sportiva. Tuttavia, l’entità e la durata dell’effetto variano tra studi, con alcune ricerche che non confermano la superiorità assoluta rispetto a esercizi isotonici o HSR, favorendo l’integrazione del TNT con protocolli di carico progressivo. Conclusioni: il TNT rappresenta un approccio riabilitativo promettente nella gestione della tendinopatia rotulea. Integrando la stimolazione meccanica con quella neurocognitiva, consente di agire sia sui meccanismi periferici sia su quelli centrali del dolore, ottimizzando la risposta motoria. L’applicazione clinica del TNT, opportunamente personalizzata, può contribuire a migliorare la qualità del recupero funzionale e l’efficacia della riabilitazione fisioterapica. Parole chiave: tendinopatia rotulea, Tendon Neuroplastic Training, neuroplasticità, riabilitazione, esercizio isometrico, dolore tendineo, controllo motorio
Effetti del tendon neuroplastic training nella tendinopatia rotulea: una revisione narrativa della letteratura
VIANELLO, MATTIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction: patellar tendinopathy is a common condition among athletes, characterized by anterior knee pain, functional impairment, and reduced load tolerance. Exercise-based rehabilitation protocols, particularly eccentric or progressive resistance training, are the gold standard of treatment. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that tendon pain is not exclusively related to local structural changes but involves central neuroplastic mechanisms. In this context, Tendon Neuroplastic Training (TNT) has emerged as an innovative approach capable of integrating mechanical loading and neurocognitive stimulation. Objective: literature review of TNT in the management of patellar tendinopathy, evaluating its effects on pain, function and clinical outcomes over time (return to sport and patient satisfaction). Materials and methods: the study consisted of a narrative review conducted between January and August 2025 on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, PEDro, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Randomized controlled or pilot clinical trials published from 2000 to 2025 on adults diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy were included. The interventions considered included TNT protocols or external attentional focus exercises. The primary outcomes assessed were: pain (VAS/NPRS), function (VISA-P), strength (MIVC), and return to sport. Results and discussion: the search identified 462 articles from which, after applying exclusion criteria, six randomized clinical trials were selected, conducted on athletes diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy between 2015 and 2021. The results showed a reduction in pain with immediate analgesic effects, improved cortical control of movement and strength, and an earlier return to sport. However, the extent and duration of the effect vary between studies, with some studies failing to confirm absolute superiority over isotonic or HSR exercises, favoring the integration of TNT with progressive loading protocols. Conclusions: TNT represents a promising rehabilitative approach in the management of patellar tendinopathy. By integrating mechanical and neurocognitive stimulation, it allows for targeting both peripheral and central pain mechanisms, optimizing motor response. The appropriately personalized clinical application of TNT can contribute to improving the quality of functional recovery and the effectiveness of physiotherapy rehabilitation. Keywords: patellar tendinopathy, Tendon Neuroplastic Training, neuroplasticity, rehabilitation, isometric exercise, tendon pain, motor control.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99252