Background: Blood cultures represent a fundamental test in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections, allowing for the identification of the causative pathogen and the initiation of targeted antibiotic therapy. However, their reliability can be compromised by errors occurring in the pre-analytical phase that lead to sample contamination, resulting in false-positive outcomes. Such events not only delay accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment but also increase hospital costs, length of stay, and inappropriate antibiotic use, thereby promoting the development of antimicrobial resistance. Objective: To identify the main risk factors that cause blood culture contamination and the possible strategies to reduce them. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PIO method (Population, Intervention, Outcome). Searches were performed in the PubMed database, using keywords in both English and Italian, combined with Boolean operators. Articles published between 2015 and 2025, in either English or Italian, were included. The selection process followed the PRISMA protocol, ultimately including eight studies: three observational, three qualitative, and two systematic reviews. Data were summarized in synoptic tables and analyzed according to the research questions. Results: Analysis of the studies showed that blood culture contamination is a multifactorial phenomenon influenced by technical, educational, organizational, and clinical variables. The main risk factors identified include inadequate staff competence, lack of standardized procedures, high workload, and patient-related conditions (such as advanced age, obesity, and the presence of invasive devices). The most effective preventive strategies include accurate skin antisepsis with 2% chlorhexidine in alcoholic solution, adoption of standardized sterile techniques through protocols and checklists, establishment of dedicated phlebotomy teams, and structured training and continuing education programs. The combined implementation of these measures can reduce the contamination rate to below 3%, the threshold recommended by international guidelines. Conclusions: Blood culture contamination represents a significant concern for patient safety and quality of care. Its prevention requires an integrated approach based on education, standardization, and organizational improvement. Nurses play a central role in this process, being responsible for proper sample collection and maintenance of aseptic conditions. Investment in specific training programs and continuous monitoring of contamination rates contributes to improving diagnostic reliability, service efficiency, and overall healthcare safety.
Background: Le emocolture rappresentano un esame fondamentale nella diagnosi delle infezioni del torrente ematico, consentendo l’identificazione dell’agente patogeno e l’impostazione di una terapia antibiotica mirata. Tuttavia, la loro attendibilità può essere compromessa da errori nella fase preanalitica che determinano contaminazioni del campione, con conseguenti risultati falsamente positivi. Tali eventi non solo ritardano la diagnosi e il trattamento appropriato, ma comportano un incremento dei costi ospedalieri, della durata della degenza e dell’utilizzo inappropriato di antibiotici, favorendo fenomeni di antibiotico-resistenza. Obiettivo: Identificare i principali fattori di rischio che causano contaminazione delle emocolture e le possibili strategie per ridurli. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura con il metodo PIO (Popolazione, Intervento, Outcome). Le ricerche sono state eseguite nella banca dati PubMed, utilizzando parole chiave in lingua inglese e italiana, combinate tramite operatori booleani. Sono stati inclusi articoli pubblicati tra il 2015 e il 2025, in lingua italiana o inglese. La selezione ha seguito le fasi del protocollo PRISMA, includendo infine otto studi: tre osservazionali, tre qualitativi e due revisioni sistematiche. I dati sono stati sintetizzati in tabelle sinottiche e analizzati in base ai quesiti di ricerca. Risultati: L’analisi degli studi ha evidenziato che la contaminazione delle emocolture è un fenomeno multifattoriale, influenzato da variabili tecniche, formative, organizzative e cliniche. Tra i fattori di rischio principali si riscontrano la carenza di competenze del personale sanitario, l’assenza di procedure standardizzate, l’elevato carico di lavoro e le condizioni cliniche del paziente (età avanzata, obesità, presenza di dispositivi invasivi). Le strategie maggiormente efficaci per la prevenzione includono un’accurata antisepsi cutanea con clorexidina al 2% in soluzione alcolica, l’adozione di tecniche sterili standardizzate mediante protocolli e checklist, la costituzione di team di phlebotomists dedicati e programmi strutturati di formazione e aggiornamento continuo. L’applicazione combinata di tali misure consente di ridurre il tasso di contaminazione al di sotto del 3%, soglia raccomandata dalle linee guida internazionali. Conclusioni: La contaminazione delle emocolture rappresenta una criticità significativa per la sicurezza del paziente e la qualità delle cure. La sua prevenzione richiede un approccio integrato basato su formazione, standardizzazione e miglioramento organizzativo. L’infermiere riveste un ruolo centrale in questo processo, essendo responsabile della corretta esecuzione del prelievo e del mantenimento dell’asepsi. L’investimento in percorsi formativi specifici e nel monitoraggio costante dei tassi di contaminazione contribuisce a migliorare l’affidabilità diagnostica, l’efficienza dei servizi e la sicurezza complessiva dell’assistenza sanitaria.
Emocolture contaminate: fattori di rischio e strategie preventive. Una revisione di letteratura
MANGANARO, COSIMO FABIO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Blood cultures represent a fundamental test in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections, allowing for the identification of the causative pathogen and the initiation of targeted antibiotic therapy. However, their reliability can be compromised by errors occurring in the pre-analytical phase that lead to sample contamination, resulting in false-positive outcomes. Such events not only delay accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment but also increase hospital costs, length of stay, and inappropriate antibiotic use, thereby promoting the development of antimicrobial resistance. Objective: To identify the main risk factors that cause blood culture contamination and the possible strategies to reduce them. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PIO method (Population, Intervention, Outcome). Searches were performed in the PubMed database, using keywords in both English and Italian, combined with Boolean operators. Articles published between 2015 and 2025, in either English or Italian, were included. The selection process followed the PRISMA protocol, ultimately including eight studies: three observational, three qualitative, and two systematic reviews. Data were summarized in synoptic tables and analyzed according to the research questions. Results: Analysis of the studies showed that blood culture contamination is a multifactorial phenomenon influenced by technical, educational, organizational, and clinical variables. The main risk factors identified include inadequate staff competence, lack of standardized procedures, high workload, and patient-related conditions (such as advanced age, obesity, and the presence of invasive devices). The most effective preventive strategies include accurate skin antisepsis with 2% chlorhexidine in alcoholic solution, adoption of standardized sterile techniques through protocols and checklists, establishment of dedicated phlebotomy teams, and structured training and continuing education programs. The combined implementation of these measures can reduce the contamination rate to below 3%, the threshold recommended by international guidelines. Conclusions: Blood culture contamination represents a significant concern for patient safety and quality of care. Its prevention requires an integrated approach based on education, standardization, and organizational improvement. Nurses play a central role in this process, being responsible for proper sample collection and maintenance of aseptic conditions. Investment in specific training programs and continuous monitoring of contamination rates contributes to improving diagnostic reliability, service efficiency, and overall healthcare safety.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99373