Liquid organic manures (LOM) produced in agriculture comes from livestock farms and anaerobic fermentation plants to produce biogas or biomethane. LOM contains various macro- and micronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and sulfur (S), as well as organic matter, making it valuable for improving soil fertility. For these characteristics, LOM represents an important resource available on farms to increase economic and environmental sustainability in a growing circular economy. The content of fertilizing elements and organic matter varies greatly among the various types of slurry (beef cattle, dairy cattle, pigs, laying hens) and among the different types of digestate (various biogas technologies) from which they originate, as well as within the same mass of stored biomass. The European Community Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) highlighted several previously underestimated environmental issues relative to the agronomic use of LOMs. In modern agriculture, with a view to the sustainable use of LOM, in order to maximize its positive effect and minimize the risk of polluting the environment, it is essential to understand LOM’s composition. This requires providing operators with rapid, inexpensive, practical, and reliable chemical measurement tools. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), already well-established for laboratory analysis, offers several advantages over other analytical techniques and is suitable for installation in slurry spreading machines, ensuring continuous, real-time analysis of biomass, adapting field application at variable rates according to the specific nutritional requirements of the crop. Certain variables, such as ambient and slurry temperature, biomass heterogeneity, vibrations from the machines on which NIRS sensors are installed, and limited user expertise, may affect the reliability of measured values, highlighting the limitations of this analysis technology. Tests of NIRS systems applied to slurry spreading machines are verified by the DLG – German Agricultural Society, authorized to test and approve the performance of agricultural equipment. Specifically, measurements are performed using NIRS instruments subjected to nutrient assessments of different types LOMs and then compared with the respective laboratory analyses. Consistency of results between NIRS and laboratory tests for the various samples allows certification to be granted or not granted for individual elements in the different types of LOM. Approval criteria by DLG are fairly large, as certifications are granted with errors of about 30% for up to 40% of the samples analyzed. To fully exploit the potential of NIRS technology in the future, the essential calibrations must be expanded and improved so that the sensors provide precise and reproducible results for the different types of LOM in practical applications.
I reflui organici liquidi (ROL) prodotti in ambito agricolo derivano da allevamenti e dagli impianti a fermentazione anaerobica per la produzione di biogas o biometano. I ROL contengono diversi macro e micronutrienti quali Azoto (N), Fosforo (P), Potassio (K), Magnesio (Mg), Calcio (Ca), Ferro (Fe) e Zolfo (S) oltre alla sostanza organica che li rendono dei preziosi ammendanti capaci di migliorare la fertilità del terreno. Per queste loro caratteristiche i ROL rappresentano una importante risorsa disponibile in azienda per aumentare la sostenibilità economica e ambientale in una spirale crescente di economia circolare. Il contenuto di elementi fertilizzanti e di sostanza organica è molto eterogeneo tra le varie tipologie di liquame (bovino da carne, bovino da latte, suino, ovaiole) e tra i diversi tipi di digestato (svariate tecnologie di biogas) dalla quale provengono ma anche all’interno dello stesso coacervo di biomassa stoccato. È con la Direttiva Nitrati della Comunità Europea (91/676/CEE) che vengono messe in evidenza alcune problematiche ambientali fino a quel momento sottovalutate. Nella moderna agricoltura, in un’ottica di uso sostenibile dei ROL, al fine di massimizzare il loro effetto positivo e minimizzare il rischio di emissioni inquinanti nell’ambiente, è fondamentale conoscere la composizione dei reflui, dotando gli addetti ai lavori di strumenti di misurazione della loro composizione chimica, che siano rapidi, poco costosi, pratici all’uso ma allo stesso tempo affidabili. La spettroscopia nel vicino infrarosso (NIRS), già consolidata per le analisi in laboratorio, presenta diversi vantaggi rispetto ad altre tecniche analitiche e si presta ad essere installata nelle macchine per lo spandimento dei liquami garantendo un’analisi in continuo e in tempo reale della biomassa adattando la distribuzione in campo a rateo variabile secondo i requisiti nutrizionali specifici della coltura. Alcune variabili quali la temperatura ambiente e del liquame, la disomogeneità della biomassa, le vibrazioni delle macchine sulla quale sono installati i sensori NIRS e le limitate competenze degli utenti, influenzano l’affidabilità dei valori misurati facendo evidenziare dei limiti per questa tecnologia di analisi. I test dei sistemi NIRS applicati alle macchine per lo spandimento dei liquami sono verificati dalla DLG – Società Agricola Tedesca autorizzata alla verifica e all’approvazione delle prestazioni delle attrezzature in ambito agricolo. In particolare, vengono misurati con strumentazioni NIRS sottoposte a valutazione dei nutrienti di diverse tipologie di reflui e poi confrontati con le rispettive analisi di laboratorio. La coerenza dei risultati fra NIRS e laboratorio dei vari campioni permette di rilasciare o non rilasciare la certificazione per i singoli elementi nei diversi tipi di ROL. I criteri di approvazione DLG sono però piuttosto ampi, concedendo la certificazione anche in presenza di errori di predizione di circa il 30% sul 40% dei campioni analizzati. Per sfruttare appieno il potenziale della tecnologia NIRS in futuro, le calibrazioni indispensabili devono essere ampliate e migliorate in modo che i sensori forniscano risultati precisi e riproducibili per le differenti tipologie di ROL nelle applicazioni pratiche.
La tecnica NIRS per l’analisi dei reflui applicata alle macchine per lo spandimento dei liquami: limiti e opportunità
ZANELLA, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Liquid organic manures (LOM) produced in agriculture comes from livestock farms and anaerobic fermentation plants to produce biogas or biomethane. LOM contains various macro- and micronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and sulfur (S), as well as organic matter, making it valuable for improving soil fertility. For these characteristics, LOM represents an important resource available on farms to increase economic and environmental sustainability in a growing circular economy. The content of fertilizing elements and organic matter varies greatly among the various types of slurry (beef cattle, dairy cattle, pigs, laying hens) and among the different types of digestate (various biogas technologies) from which they originate, as well as within the same mass of stored biomass. The European Community Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) highlighted several previously underestimated environmental issues relative to the agronomic use of LOMs. In modern agriculture, with a view to the sustainable use of LOM, in order to maximize its positive effect and minimize the risk of polluting the environment, it is essential to understand LOM’s composition. This requires providing operators with rapid, inexpensive, practical, and reliable chemical measurement tools. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), already well-established for laboratory analysis, offers several advantages over other analytical techniques and is suitable for installation in slurry spreading machines, ensuring continuous, real-time analysis of biomass, adapting field application at variable rates according to the specific nutritional requirements of the crop. Certain variables, such as ambient and slurry temperature, biomass heterogeneity, vibrations from the machines on which NIRS sensors are installed, and limited user expertise, may affect the reliability of measured values, highlighting the limitations of this analysis technology. Tests of NIRS systems applied to slurry spreading machines are verified by the DLG – German Agricultural Society, authorized to test and approve the performance of agricultural equipment. Specifically, measurements are performed using NIRS instruments subjected to nutrient assessments of different types LOMs and then compared with the respective laboratory analyses. Consistency of results between NIRS and laboratory tests for the various samples allows certification to be granted or not granted for individual elements in the different types of LOM. Approval criteria by DLG are fairly large, as certifications are granted with errors of about 30% for up to 40% of the samples analyzed. To fully exploit the potential of NIRS technology in the future, the essential calibrations must be expanded and improved so that the sensors provide precise and reproducible results for the different types of LOM in practical applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99480