Stuttering is a complex phenomenon that affects quality of life, and its linguistic and anticipatory mechanisms are still not fully understood. Among these, anticipation refers to the speaker’s ability to identify in advance the words perceived as “at risk” for disfluency. This study explores the relationship between subjective anticipations, phonetic characteristics of the stimuli, and the manifestation of disfluencies, examining whether the participants’ perceived difficulty aligns with both phonetic complexity and the disfluencies actually produced during reading. It was also hypothesized that stuttering would vary according to contextual factors such as word position, speech rate, syntactic length, and the presence of an external rhythmic cue. The experimental sample consisted of eight adults who stutter. All participants completed the Italian version of the Behavior Assessment Battery (BAB) to obtain a measure of their emotional, cognitive, and behavioral profile related to communication. One week before the experimental session, participants rated the difficulty of 80 stimuli (60 nonwords, 20 real words), previously classified according to phonetic complexity. The same items were then read aloud to compare subjective anticipations with actual disfluencies. In a second phase, an articulographic recording (AG501) was conducted in which participants read short and long sentences under three conditions (normal rate, fast rate, metronome), with target words placed in initial or final position. Productions were annotated using Phon and CHAT conventions. The comparison between anticipations and disfluencies did not confirm the initial hypothesis: only one participant showed coherence between perceived difficulty, phonetic complexity, and produced disfluencies. For most participants, no stable associations emerged, likely due to the use of isolated words, the generally mild clinical severity, and the presence of nonwords lacking prior experiential associations. Phonetic complexity and lexical frequency were also not reliable predictors of disfluency, except for one participant. Individual analyses revealed substantial variability: some participants showed coherence between anticipations and either phonetic complexity or syllabic frequency, suggesting the influence of subjective factors. The contextual analysis conducted on one participant with moderate stuttering showed that fast reading increased disfluencies, whereas the metronome condition had a facilitating effect. Short sentences reduced planning load and were less vulnerable, and disfluencies occurred predominantly in sentence-initial position. Correlational analyses did not reveal significant associations with psychometric measures, except for a link between stuttering severity and coping behaviors. In conclusion, anticipation does not emerge as a reliable predictor of disfluency within the experimental paradigm adopted, nor do phonetic complexity and lexical frequency systematically explain variability in production. Fluency appears to be more strongly influenced by contextual factors such as rhythm, speech rate, and sentence structure. These results highlight the importance of logopedic interventions targeting production conditions and addressing emotional, cognitive, and coping dimensions, supporting a multidimensional approach aimed at enhancing overall communicative well-being.
La balbuzie è un fenomeno complesso che incide sulla qualità di vita e i cui meccanismi linguistici e anticipatori sono ancora poco compresi. Tra questi, l’anticipazione riguarda la capacità delle persone che balbettano di individuare in anticipo le parole percepite come “a rischio” di disfluenza. Lo studio esplora il rapporto tra anticipazioni soggettive, caratteristiche fonetiche degli stimoli e manifestazione delle disfluenze, verificando se le valutazioni soggettive dei partecipanti adulti che balbettano risultano coerenti sia con la complessità fonetica delle parole, sia con le disfluenze effettivamente prodotte durante la lettura. Parallelamente si è ipotizzato che la balbuzie vari in base a fattori contestuali quali posizione della parola, velocità di articolazione, lunghezza sintattica e presenza di un ritmo esterno. Il campione sperimentale è composto da otto adulti che balbettano. Tutti i partecipanti hanno preliminarmente completato la Behavior Assessment Battery (BAB) nella versione italiana, allo scopo di ottenere una misura del profilo emotivo, cognitivo e comportamentale legato alla comunicazione. Una settimana prima della sessione sperimentale, i partecipanti hanno giudicato la difficoltà di 80 stimoli (60 non-parole, 20 parole) classificati a priori per complessità fonetica. Successivamente gli stessi stimoli sono stati letti ad alta voce per confrontare anticipazioni e disfluenze. In una seconda fase è stata realizzata una registrazione con l’articulografo AG501 in cui i partecipanti hanno letto frasi brevi e lunghe prodotte in tre diverse condizioni (ritmo normale, accelerato, metronomo), con parole target in posizione iniziale o finale. Le produzioni sono state annotate tramite Phon secondo le convenzioni CHAT. Il confronto tra anticipazioni e disfluenze non conferma l’ipotesi iniziale: solo un partecipante mostra coerenza tra difficoltà percepita, complessità fonetica e disfluenze prodotte. Nella maggior parte del campione non emergono associazioni stabili, probabilmente per l’uso di parole isolate, la lieve gravità clinica e il ricorso a non-parole prive di associazioni pregresse. Anche complessità fonetica e frequenza lessicale non risultano predittori affidabili della disfluenza, salvo per un unico partecipante. L’analisi individuale evidenzia una notevole variabilità: alcuni soggetti mostrano coerenza tra anticipazioni e complessità fonetica o frequenza sillabica, suggerendo un ruolo di fattori soggettivi. L’analisi contestuale effettuata su un partecipante con balbuzie moderata mostra invece che la lettura accelerata aumenta le disfluenze, mentre il metronomo ha un effetto facilitante. Le frasi brevi riducono il carico di pianificazione e risultano meno vulnerabili; le disfluenze si concentrano soprattutto in posizione iniziale di frase. Le analisi correlate non evidenziano associazioni significative con misure psicometriche, tranne un legame tra gravità della balbuzie e comportamenti di coping. In conclusione, l’anticipazione non emerge come predittore affidabile della disfluenza nel contesto sperimentale adottato, né complessità fonetica e frequenza lessicale spiegano sistematicamente la variabilità delle produzioni. La fluenza appare maggiormente influenzata da fattori contestuali quali ritmo, velocità e struttura dell’enunciato. I risultati suggeriscono l’importanza di strategie logopediche che intervengano sulle condizioni di produzione del parlato e che considerino anche le dimensioni emotive, cognitive e di coping, promuovendo un approccio multidimensionale orientato al benessere comunicativo complessivo.
Anticipazione delle disfluenze e complessità articolatoria in funzione di diversi stili di produzione nel parlato di persone adulte che balbettano
CONTE, ALICE
2024/2025
Abstract
Stuttering is a complex phenomenon that affects quality of life, and its linguistic and anticipatory mechanisms are still not fully understood. Among these, anticipation refers to the speaker’s ability to identify in advance the words perceived as “at risk” for disfluency. This study explores the relationship between subjective anticipations, phonetic characteristics of the stimuli, and the manifestation of disfluencies, examining whether the participants’ perceived difficulty aligns with both phonetic complexity and the disfluencies actually produced during reading. It was also hypothesized that stuttering would vary according to contextual factors such as word position, speech rate, syntactic length, and the presence of an external rhythmic cue. The experimental sample consisted of eight adults who stutter. All participants completed the Italian version of the Behavior Assessment Battery (BAB) to obtain a measure of their emotional, cognitive, and behavioral profile related to communication. One week before the experimental session, participants rated the difficulty of 80 stimuli (60 nonwords, 20 real words), previously classified according to phonetic complexity. The same items were then read aloud to compare subjective anticipations with actual disfluencies. In a second phase, an articulographic recording (AG501) was conducted in which participants read short and long sentences under three conditions (normal rate, fast rate, metronome), with target words placed in initial or final position. Productions were annotated using Phon and CHAT conventions. The comparison between anticipations and disfluencies did not confirm the initial hypothesis: only one participant showed coherence between perceived difficulty, phonetic complexity, and produced disfluencies. For most participants, no stable associations emerged, likely due to the use of isolated words, the generally mild clinical severity, and the presence of nonwords lacking prior experiential associations. Phonetic complexity and lexical frequency were also not reliable predictors of disfluency, except for one participant. Individual analyses revealed substantial variability: some participants showed coherence between anticipations and either phonetic complexity or syllabic frequency, suggesting the influence of subjective factors. The contextual analysis conducted on one participant with moderate stuttering showed that fast reading increased disfluencies, whereas the metronome condition had a facilitating effect. Short sentences reduced planning load and were less vulnerable, and disfluencies occurred predominantly in sentence-initial position. Correlational analyses did not reveal significant associations with psychometric measures, except for a link between stuttering severity and coping behaviors. In conclusion, anticipation does not emerge as a reliable predictor of disfluency within the experimental paradigm adopted, nor do phonetic complexity and lexical frequency systematically explain variability in production. Fluency appears to be more strongly influenced by contextual factors such as rhythm, speech rate, and sentence structure. These results highlight the importance of logopedic interventions targeting production conditions and addressing emotional, cognitive, and coping dimensions, supporting a multidimensional approach aimed at enhancing overall communicative well-being.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/99894