Self-control is the ability to suppress urges, impulses, desires, or behaviors and to delay gratification in order to pursue long-term goals. Self-control made possible the creation of the earliest forms of communal life, allowing the human species to overcome the evolutionary challenge. However, an excess of self-control results in maladaptive overcontrol, which is characterized by some fundamental deficits or excesses: low receptivity and openness; poor flexible control; pervasive inhibition of emotional expression and reduced emotional awareness; poor social connection and intimacy; higher pain tolerance; excessive distress tolerance; compulsive use of approach coping. Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (RO DBT), developed since the early 2000s from the work of American psychologist Thomas R. Lynch, offers an integration of two central branches of modern psychotherapy: evolutionary psychology ("human beings are tribal by nature") and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (Linehan, 1993). RO DBT explains overcontrol disorders through the neurobiosocial theory, according to which the overcontrolled coping style results from continuous interactions between "nature" factors (genetic and biotemperamental influences) and "culture" factors (family, cultural, environmental influences and learning). The theory emphasizes the importance of social signaling and the practice of radical openness, the latter representing the convergence of three abilities: receptivity and openness; flexible adaptation; social connection. RO DBT is based on a neuroregulatory model that highlights the centrality of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in understanding socio-emotional behavior. The ANS is divided into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), of which the vagus nerve is the main anatomical component. According to the polyvagal theory (PVT), developed by Stephen Porges in the 1990s, vagal fibers originate from two brainstem nuclei: the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, which forms the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), and the nucleus ambiguus of the vagus, which forms the ventral vagal complex (VVC). From an evolutionary perspective, the ANS is organized into three main pathways: the dorsal vagal pathway, which regulates energy conservation responses; the sympathetic system, which regulates "fight or flight" responses; the ventral vagal pathway, which includes the social engagement system and inhibits sympathetic activation. Vagal tone expresses heart rate variability (HRV); a high HRV indicates better cognitive-behavioral function. Another central concept of PVT is interoception, namely the constant and momentary awareness of bodily signals, which occurs through bottom-up (unconscious) and top-down (conscious) processes. In general, high levels of HRV and interoception are associated with better emotional regulation (Pinna & Edwards, 2020). Overcontrol disorders are generally characterized by SNS hyperactivation, withdrawal of the VVC, interoceptive hypersensitivity, and poor interoceptive accuracy. There is considerable scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of RO DBT for the treatment of various disorders characterized by maladaptive overcontrol (e.g., mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders). However, these are mainly uncontrolled and non-randomized studies, which is why clinical researchers are recommended to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of RO DBT in disorders other than refractory depression alone.
L’autocontrollo è la capacità di reprimere pulsioni, impulsi, desideri o comportamenti e di rimandarne la gratificazione al fine di perseguire obiettivi a lungo termine. L’autocontrollo ha reso possibile la creazione delle prime forme di vita comunitarie, consentendo al genere umano di vincere la sfida evolutiva. Tuttavia, un eccesso di autocontrollo si traduce in ipercontrollo maladattivo, caratterizzato da alcuni deficit o eccessi fondamentali: scarsa ricettività e apertura; scarso controllo flessibile; pervasiva inibizione dell’espressione emotiva e ridotta consapevolezza emotiva; scarsa connessione sociale e intimità; superiore tolleranza al dolore; eccesiva tolleranza al disagio; utilizzo compulsivo dell’approach coping. La Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (RO DBT), nata a partire dai primi anni '2000 dal lavoro dello psicologo americano Thomas R. Lynch, offre un’integrazione di due filoni centrali della psicoterapia moderna: la psicologia evoluzionistica ("gli esseri umani sono tribali per natura") e la Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (Linehan, 1993). La RO DBT spiega i disturbi da ipercontrollo attraverso la teoria neurobiosociale, per cui lo stile di coping ipercontrollato è il risultato delle continue transazione tra i fattori "natura" (le influenze genetiche e biotemperamentali) e "cultura" (le influenze familiari, culturali, ambientali e l’apprendimento). La teoria sottolinea l’importanza del social signaling e della pratica di apertura radicale, quest'ultima rappresenta la convergenza di tre capacità: ricettività e apertura; adattamento flessibile; connessione sociale. La RO DBT si fonda su un modello neuroregolatorio che evidenzia la centralità del sistema nervoso autonomo (SNA) nella comprensione del comportamento socio-emotivo. Il SNA si divide in sistema nervoso simpatico (SNS) e sistema nervoso parasimpatico (SNP), di cui il nervo vago è la principale componente anatomica. Secondo la teoria polivagale (PVT), elaborata da Stephen Porges negli anni '90, le fibre vagali originano da due nuclei del tronco encefalico: il nucleo motore dorsale del vago, che forma il complesso dorso-vagale (CDV), e il nucleo ambiguo del vago, che forma il complesso ventro-vagale (CVV). Da un punto di vista evoluzionistico, il SNA si articola in tre vie principali: la via vagale dorsale, regola le risposte di conservazione energetica; il sistema simpatico, regola le risposte di "lotta o fuga"; la via vagale ventrale, include il sistema di impegno sociale e inibisce l'attivazione simpatica. Il tono vagale esprime la variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (HRV); un'elevata HRV è indicativa di una migliore funzione cognitivo-comportamentale. Un altro concetto centrale della PVT è l'interocezione, ovvero la consapevolezza costante e momentanea dei segnali corporei, che avviene mediante processi bottom-up (inconsapevoli) e top-down (consapevoli). In generale, livelli elevati di HRV e di interocezione sono associati ad una migliore regolazione emotiva (Pinna & Edwards, 2020). I disturbi da ipercontrollo sono in genere caratterizzati da un'iperattivazione del SNS, dal ritiro del CVV, da un'ipersensibilità interocettiva e da una scarsa accuratezza interocettiva. Vi sono molte evidenze scientifiche a supporto dell’efficacia della RO DBT per il trattamento di vari disturbi caratterizzati da ipercontrollo maladattivo (es. disturbi dell’umore, d’ansia, DA, DSA). Tuttavia, si tratta prevalentemente di studi non controllati e non randomizzati, motivo per cui si raccomanda ai ricercatori clinici di condurre RCT sull'efficacia della RO DBT in disturbi diversi dalla sola depressione refrattaria.
I Disturbi da Ipercontrollo: la Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (RO DBT)
TOMADA, AGNESE
2024/2025
Abstract
Self-control is the ability to suppress urges, impulses, desires, or behaviors and to delay gratification in order to pursue long-term goals. Self-control made possible the creation of the earliest forms of communal life, allowing the human species to overcome the evolutionary challenge. However, an excess of self-control results in maladaptive overcontrol, which is characterized by some fundamental deficits or excesses: low receptivity and openness; poor flexible control; pervasive inhibition of emotional expression and reduced emotional awareness; poor social connection and intimacy; higher pain tolerance; excessive distress tolerance; compulsive use of approach coping. Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (RO DBT), developed since the early 2000s from the work of American psychologist Thomas R. Lynch, offers an integration of two central branches of modern psychotherapy: evolutionary psychology ("human beings are tribal by nature") and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (Linehan, 1993). RO DBT explains overcontrol disorders through the neurobiosocial theory, according to which the overcontrolled coping style results from continuous interactions between "nature" factors (genetic and biotemperamental influences) and "culture" factors (family, cultural, environmental influences and learning). The theory emphasizes the importance of social signaling and the practice of radical openness, the latter representing the convergence of three abilities: receptivity and openness; flexible adaptation; social connection. RO DBT is based on a neuroregulatory model that highlights the centrality of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in understanding socio-emotional behavior. The ANS is divided into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), of which the vagus nerve is the main anatomical component. According to the polyvagal theory (PVT), developed by Stephen Porges in the 1990s, vagal fibers originate from two brainstem nuclei: the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, which forms the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), and the nucleus ambiguus of the vagus, which forms the ventral vagal complex (VVC). From an evolutionary perspective, the ANS is organized into three main pathways: the dorsal vagal pathway, which regulates energy conservation responses; the sympathetic system, which regulates "fight or flight" responses; the ventral vagal pathway, which includes the social engagement system and inhibits sympathetic activation. Vagal tone expresses heart rate variability (HRV); a high HRV indicates better cognitive-behavioral function. Another central concept of PVT is interoception, namely the constant and momentary awareness of bodily signals, which occurs through bottom-up (unconscious) and top-down (conscious) processes. In general, high levels of HRV and interoception are associated with better emotional regulation (Pinna & Edwards, 2020). Overcontrol disorders are generally characterized by SNS hyperactivation, withdrawal of the VVC, interoceptive hypersensitivity, and poor interoceptive accuracy. There is considerable scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of RO DBT for the treatment of various disorders characterized by maladaptive overcontrol (e.g., mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders). However, these are mainly uncontrolled and non-randomized studies, which is why clinical researchers are recommended to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of RO DBT in disorders other than refractory depression alone.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tomada_Agnese_2090395.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
518.59 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
518.59 kB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101738