Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by certain fungal species belonging to the genera *Aspergillus*, *Penicillium*, and *Fusarium*. Food products can be simultaneously contaminated by multiple species of mycotoxin-producing fungi or by species capable of producing different mycotoxins at the same time. The aim of this paper is to analyze the potential toxic effects resulting from exposure to combinations of mycotoxins. Interactions between toxic substances can be classified into four categories: synergistic, additive, less-than-additive, or antagonistic effects. According to the literature, interactions among mycotoxins may vary depending on the type of toxin involved. Many studies have examined the effects of multi-contamination by mycotoxins in animals, with particular attention to aflatoxins. The main mycotoxins studied in association with aflatoxins are fumonisins, ochratoxins, and trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin). One particular study focuses on the co-contamination of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), which may contribute to the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma. The combined toxicity of AFB₁ and FB₁ has been tested in in vitro models, including rat cells, *Gambusia affinis* cells, immortalized human hepatoma cells, and human bronchial epithelial cells. In all models, significant dose-dependent toxicity was demonstrated. Overall, the data from these studies highlight how co-exposure to mycotoxins can amplify toxic effects, emphasizing the importance of considering interactions between toxins in the assessment of risks to human and animal health. These findings also suggest the need to review and update current regulatory limits so that they take into account not only the effects of individual mycotoxins but also their possible interactions.
Le micotossine sono metaboliti secondari prodotti da alcune specie fungine appartenenti ai generi Aspergillus, Penicillium e Fusarium. Gli alimenti possono essere contaminati contemporaneamente da più specie di funghi micotossigeni o da specie che producono diverse micotossine simultaneamente. In questo elaborato, l’obiettivo è analizzare il potenziale effetto tossico determinato dall’esposizione a combinazioni di micotossine, Le interazioni tra sostanze tossiche si possono classificare in quattro categorie: effetto sinergico, additivo, meno che additivo o antagonista. In base alla letteratura, emerge che le interazioni tra le micotossine possono essere diverse in base alla tipologia di tossina. Molte delle pubblicazioni analizzano l’effetto della multi-contaminazione di micotossine negli animali, con particolare attenzione alle aflatossine. Le principali micotossine analizzate in associazione con le aflatossine sono fumonisine, ocratossine e tricoteceni (in particolare le tossine T-2). Un particolare studio pone l’attenzione sulla co-contaminazione di aflatossina B 1 (AFB 1 ) e fumonisina B 1 (FB 1 ), che può contribuire allo sviluppo del carcinoma epatocellulare umano. La tossicità combinata di AFB 1 e FB 1 è stata testata su modelli in vitro, tra cui cellule di ratti, cellule di Gambusia affinis, cellule di epatoma umano immortalizzate e cellule epiteliali bronchiali umane. Su tutti i modelli è stata dimostrata una significativa tossicità dose-dipendente. Nel complesso, i dati di queste pubblicazioni evidenziano come la co-esposizione a micotossine possa amplificare gli effetti tossici, sottolineando l’importanza di considerare le interazioni tra tossine nella valutazione del rischio per la salute umana e animale. Tali risultati suggeriscono inoltre la necessità di rivedere e aggiornare i limiti massimi consentiti nella legislazione vigente, affinché tengano conto non solo degli effetti delle singole micotossine, ma anche delle possibili interazioni.
Co-contaminazione di micotossine negli alimenti: rischi di effetto tossico combinato in modelli in vitro
SANTI, EUGENIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by certain fungal species belonging to the genera *Aspergillus*, *Penicillium*, and *Fusarium*. Food products can be simultaneously contaminated by multiple species of mycotoxin-producing fungi or by species capable of producing different mycotoxins at the same time. The aim of this paper is to analyze the potential toxic effects resulting from exposure to combinations of mycotoxins. Interactions between toxic substances can be classified into four categories: synergistic, additive, less-than-additive, or antagonistic effects. According to the literature, interactions among mycotoxins may vary depending on the type of toxin involved. Many studies have examined the effects of multi-contamination by mycotoxins in animals, with particular attention to aflatoxins. The main mycotoxins studied in association with aflatoxins are fumonisins, ochratoxins, and trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin). One particular study focuses on the co-contamination of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), which may contribute to the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma. The combined toxicity of AFB₁ and FB₁ has been tested in in vitro models, including rat cells, *Gambusia affinis* cells, immortalized human hepatoma cells, and human bronchial epithelial cells. In all models, significant dose-dependent toxicity was demonstrated. Overall, the data from these studies highlight how co-exposure to mycotoxins can amplify toxic effects, emphasizing the importance of considering interactions between toxins in the assessment of risks to human and animal health. These findings also suggest the need to review and update current regulatory limits so that they take into account not only the effects of individual mycotoxins but also their possible interactions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110373