To promote animal welfare in a controlled environment, it is important to allow them to perform normal species-specific behaviors. In the case of fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda), a typically shy species sensitive to environmental noise, these behaviors include, among others, hiding, digging, and exploring. Appropriate space and management that allow for the expression of species-specific behaviors and give the animal the possibility of choice, are also important for reducing stereotypies and other anomalous behaviors. Environmental enrichments such as food and smells, in particular, are very useful for mentally stimulating the animal. In this study, we first identified the scientific literature on fennec fox behavior in a controlled environment using the scoping review method. We then monitored the effect of different forms of environmental enrichment on the behavior of a same-age pair of fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda) housed at Oasis Wildlife (Fuerteventura, Spain). The two subjects exhibited several noteworthy characteristics: the male was characterized by severe visual impairment, while the female displayed markedly shy behavior towards humans. Data collection occurred via 100 video recordings (50 in the presence of enrichment and 50 in the absence of it) made over 10 days (10 video recordings per day, each lasting 6 minutes). Each video recording was viewed twice during the analysis phase (once for the female and once for the male) using the focal animal continuous recording (CR) technique. Subsequently, data were extracted from the CR data as if using an instantaneous scan sampling technique at intervals of 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds, and 120 seconds. A comparison was made of the behaviors most frequently expressed in the presence and absence of enrichment. The female fennec fox was not visible for the entire duration of the video recording. This occurred more often in the absence of enrichment than in its presence (p = 0.0003), while for the male no such difference was found (p = 1). The recorded duration of passive exploration behavior was significantly longer in the presence of enrichment (U = 2983, p < 0.001). It was also longer in the male than in the female (U = 6005, p = 0.001).
Per riuscire a promuovere il benessere degli animali in ambiente controllato è importante permettere loro di attuare i normali comportamenti di specie. Nel caso dei fennec (Vulpes zerda), specie tendenzialmente schiva e sensibile ai rumori ambientali, questi comprendono, tra gli altri, il nascondersi, lo scavare e il muoversi nello spazio, esplorandolo. Uno spazio e una gestione adeguati che permettano l’espressione dei comportamenti specie specifici e che diano la possibilità di scelta all’animale, sono importanti anche per la riduzione di stereotipie e di altri comportamenti anomali. Gli arricchimenti ambientali di tipo alimentare ed olfattivo, in particolare, sono molto utili nello stimolare mentalmente l’animale. Nel presente studio abbiamo, come prima cosa, identificato quanto presente nella letteratura scientifica sul comportamento del fennec in ambiente controllato seguendo la metodica della Scoping Review. Abbiamo poi monitorato l'effetto di diverse forme di arricchimento ambientale sul comportamento di una coppia coetanea di fennec (Vulpes zerda) ospitata presso lo zoo Oasis Wildlife (Fuerteventura, Spagna). I due soggetti presentavano alcune caratteristiche degne di nota: il maschio era caratterizzato da una severa ipovisione, mentre la femmina mostrava un comportamento marcatamente schivo verso l'uomo. La raccolta dei dati è avvenuta tramite 100 registrazioni video (di cui 50 in presenza di arricchimento e 50 in assenza di esso) eseguite in 10 giorni (10 videoriprese al giorno da 6 minuti ciascuna). Ogni videoripresa è stata in fase di analisi visualizzata due volte (una per la femmina e una per il maschio) applicando la tecnica del Campionamento Continuo ad animale focale (focal animal continuous recording; CR). Successivamente dai dati raccolti in CR sono stati estratti i dati come se si fosse applicata una tecnica di Campionamento Istantaneo (Instantaneous Scan Sampling) a intervalli di 15 secondi, 30 secondi, 60 secondi e 120 secondi. Si è proceduto ad un confronto dei comportamenti maggiormente espressi in presenza e in assenza di arricchimento. La femmina di Fennec è risultata essere non visibile per tutta la durata della videoregistrazione. Questo si è verificato più spesso in assenza di arricchimento che in presenza di esso (p=0.0003), mentre per il maschio non si è riscontrata una simile differenza (p=1). La durata registrata del comportamento di esplorazione passiva è risultata significativamente maggiore in presenza dell’arricchimento (U= 2983, p<0,001). Essa è risultata anche maggiore nel maschio rispetto alla femmina (U= 6005, p= 0,001).
Effetto di forme di arricchimento ambientale sul comportamento di Vulpes zerda in ambiente controllato: un approccio metodologico
SPOLLAORE, VALERIA
2025/2026
Abstract
To promote animal welfare in a controlled environment, it is important to allow them to perform normal species-specific behaviors. In the case of fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda), a typically shy species sensitive to environmental noise, these behaviors include, among others, hiding, digging, and exploring. Appropriate space and management that allow for the expression of species-specific behaviors and give the animal the possibility of choice, are also important for reducing stereotypies and other anomalous behaviors. Environmental enrichments such as food and smells, in particular, are very useful for mentally stimulating the animal. In this study, we first identified the scientific literature on fennec fox behavior in a controlled environment using the scoping review method. We then monitored the effect of different forms of environmental enrichment on the behavior of a same-age pair of fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda) housed at Oasis Wildlife (Fuerteventura, Spain). The two subjects exhibited several noteworthy characteristics: the male was characterized by severe visual impairment, while the female displayed markedly shy behavior towards humans. Data collection occurred via 100 video recordings (50 in the presence of enrichment and 50 in the absence of it) made over 10 days (10 video recordings per day, each lasting 6 minutes). Each video recording was viewed twice during the analysis phase (once for the female and once for the male) using the focal animal continuous recording (CR) technique. Subsequently, data were extracted from the CR data as if using an instantaneous scan sampling technique at intervals of 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds, and 120 seconds. A comparison was made of the behaviors most frequently expressed in the presence and absence of enrichment. The female fennec fox was not visible for the entire duration of the video recording. This occurred more often in the absence of enrichment than in its presence (p = 0.0003), while for the male no such difference was found (p = 1). The recorded duration of passive exploration behavior was significantly longer in the presence of enrichment (U = 2983, p < 0.001). It was also longer in the male than in the female (U = 6005, p = 0.001).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110842