2020 SARS-CoV-2 widespread pandemic, that followed other two relevant coronavirus outbreaks, namely 2002-2004 SARS-CoV and 2012 MERS-CoV, highlighted the threat that this family of virus represents towards humans and other animal species. It appears evident that studying these viruses is necessary for addressing the menace that they pose, to find preventive and curative therapies that target these pathogenic agents. The goal to develop new broad-spectrum anticoronavirus drugs motivated scientist to look for similarities among these related viruses. A particular target appeared as an ideal study subject: SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro), a fundamental biomolecule in the viral life cycle, which became a validated pharmacological target and indeed is highly conserved among different coronaviruses. Searching for new drugs against this target, in silico studies found that an organoselenium compound, ebselen, is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Ebselen forms a selenium-sulphur covalent bond with protein thiols, among which the amino acid cysteine 145, at the catalytic dyad. It was noted also that ebselen binding to Mpro shifts the monomer-dimer equilibrium towards a prevalence of the inactive monomer. This observation prompts to a new question: since this protease contains twelve cysteines in its primary sequence, what is the contribution of its binding to thiols different from the cysteine 145 to the inhibition and to the dimerisation impairment? Cysteine 300 was considered an attractive target to this matter, since it lies directly on the dimerisation interface, it is close to a hydrophobic pocket, and it is also a validated target for other covalent drugs inhibiting Mpro. Computational simulations also highlighted that cysteine 300 is very highly solvent exposed and therefore probably very accessible and reactive. In order to study the relevance of ebselen binding to cysteine 300 residue, a recombinant protease with a point substitution of a serine instead of this cysteine, called C300S Mpro, was needed. This thesis describes the production, using molecular biology protocols to obtain the mutation, followed by bacterial recombinant expression and purification via chromatographic methods. Assessment of the mutant activity was performed through FRET-based assays, which showed that C300S Mpro has reduced protease activity. The determination of the monomer-dimer equilibrium shift instead was determined by native mass spectrometry analysis. The mutant protein equilibrium was shifted towards the monomer inactive state, which is comparable to the activity assays results, sustaining the hypothesis that cysteine 300, besides cysteine 145, is targeted by ebselen and contributes to its mechanism of action.
Dopo la pandemia di SARS-CoV-2 del 2020, che ha seguito le emergenze di SARS-CoV del 2002-2004 e di MERS-CoV del 2012, è diventata evidente la minaccia che i coronavirus comportano per l’uomo, oltreché per gli animali reservoir in cui si sviluppano. Per affrontare questa minaccia, gli studiosi hanno profuso vario tempo ed energia per caratterizzare gli elementi in comune, cioè conservati, tra i virus, e sfruttarli con lo scopo ultimo di produrre antivirali ad ampio spettro per questa famiglia di virus. La proteasi principale di SARS-CoV-2, chiamata Mpro, è responsabile della replicazione del virus nella cellula ospite ed è, oltreché un target farmaceutico validato, una proteina molto conservata nei coronavirus finora noti. Studi in silico di repurposing hanno permesso di identificare un organoseleniuro, ebselen, già in clinical trial per altre patologie, come potenziale inibitore di Mpro. È noto che ebselen e i suoi derivati formano un legame selenio-zolfo covalente con i tioli della proteasi, compreso quello della cisteina 145, nella diade catalitica. È stato anche notato che il binding di ebselen a Mpro è in grado di spostare l’equilibrio monomero-dimero della proteina verso lo stato monomerico, inattivo. Questa osservazione porta ad una nuova domanda: poiché questa proteasi possiede dodici cisteine nella sua sequenza primaria, qual è il contributo del binding di ebselen su cisteine diverse da quella catalitica e sullo spostamento dell’equilibrio monomero-dimero? La cisteina 300 è l’indiziata principale delle indagini di questo progetto di tesi, dal momento che si trova nel dominio III della proteina, coinvolto nella formazione dell’omodimero attivo di Mpro, è un amminoacido molto esposto al solvente, secondo analisi computazionali, ed è prossima ad una tasca già validata come target per altri farmaci covalenti su questa proteasi. Per verificare la rilevanza del binding di ebselen alla cisteina 300, è stata prodotta una proteina ricombinante, chiamata C300S Mpro, che porta una mutazione sulla cisteina 300, sostituita con una serina. Questa tesi descrive la produzione di questa proteina mutante, usando tecniche di biologia molecolare per ottenere la mutazione, seguita dall’espressione in E. coli e la purificazione con metodi cromatografici. La caratterizzazione dell’attività della proteina mutante è avvenuta tramite saggi biochimici, che hanno dimostrato che C300S Mpro ha un’attività proteasica ridotta. La determinazione dell’effetto di ebselen sullo shift dell’equilibrio monomero-dimero verso il monomero inattivo di ebselen sulla proteasi è invece avvenuta tramite misure di spettrometria di massa nativa. Si è notato che rispetto a Mpro wild type, la mutante C300S tende ad essere più spostata verso lo stato monomerico, compatibilmente con i risultati del saggio di attività, suggerendo che la cisteina 300, oltre alla 145, sia target di ebselen e contribuisca al suo meccanismo d’azione molecolare.
Effect of an organoselenium compound, Ebselen, on SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease cysteines and its role on dimerisation
MANZONI, FILIPPO
2025/2026
Abstract
2020 SARS-CoV-2 widespread pandemic, that followed other two relevant coronavirus outbreaks, namely 2002-2004 SARS-CoV and 2012 MERS-CoV, highlighted the threat that this family of virus represents towards humans and other animal species. It appears evident that studying these viruses is necessary for addressing the menace that they pose, to find preventive and curative therapies that target these pathogenic agents. The goal to develop new broad-spectrum anticoronavirus drugs motivated scientist to look for similarities among these related viruses. A particular target appeared as an ideal study subject: SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro), a fundamental biomolecule in the viral life cycle, which became a validated pharmacological target and indeed is highly conserved among different coronaviruses. Searching for new drugs against this target, in silico studies found that an organoselenium compound, ebselen, is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Ebselen forms a selenium-sulphur covalent bond with protein thiols, among which the amino acid cysteine 145, at the catalytic dyad. It was noted also that ebselen binding to Mpro shifts the monomer-dimer equilibrium towards a prevalence of the inactive monomer. This observation prompts to a new question: since this protease contains twelve cysteines in its primary sequence, what is the contribution of its binding to thiols different from the cysteine 145 to the inhibition and to the dimerisation impairment? Cysteine 300 was considered an attractive target to this matter, since it lies directly on the dimerisation interface, it is close to a hydrophobic pocket, and it is also a validated target for other covalent drugs inhibiting Mpro. Computational simulations also highlighted that cysteine 300 is very highly solvent exposed and therefore probably very accessible and reactive. In order to study the relevance of ebselen binding to cysteine 300 residue, a recombinant protease with a point substitution of a serine instead of this cysteine, called C300S Mpro, was needed. This thesis describes the production, using molecular biology protocols to obtain the mutation, followed by bacterial recombinant expression and purification via chromatographic methods. Assessment of the mutant activity was performed through FRET-based assays, which showed that C300S Mpro has reduced protease activity. The determination of the monomer-dimer equilibrium shift instead was determined by native mass spectrometry analysis. The mutant protein equilibrium was shifted towards the monomer inactive state, which is comparable to the activity assays results, sustaining the hypothesis that cysteine 300, besides cysteine 145, is targeted by ebselen and contributes to its mechanism of action.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111584