The advent of digital technologies and the expansion of the gig economy have profoundly transformed the online sex work market, giving rise to subscription-based platforms that enable creators to independently produce, manage, and monetize adult content. Although this shift toward digital environments is often associated with greater autonomy and work flexibility, the transition online has not eliminated the deeply rooted dynamics of marginalization and social devaluation experienced by individuals working in this sector. This thesis aims to investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying prejudice and social stigma in the context of digital sex work, with a particular focus on the attribution of humanness. From a theoretical perspective, sex work is conceptualized as a form of dirty work, characterized by strong moral taint. At the psychosocial level, this stigma manifests itself in a reduced willingness to acknowledge the full subjectivity and psychological capacities of sex workers, activating cognitive processes that deny them characteristics considered uniquely human. The primary objective of the experimental study (Study OUT) was to examine whether the label associated with a digital platform significantly influences public judgments and the attribution of humanness. To this end, a between-subjects experimental design was employed in which participants were presented with a fictitious profile. Both the target’s gender (Alice or Alessandro, freelance graphic designers) and the platform context were manipulated: a control condition featuring an Instagram profile and an experimental condition featuring an OnlyFans profile associated with the sharing of exclusive pornographic content through paid subscriptions. The main dependent variable was the attribution of humanness, measured using a scale ranging from 0 to 100. Additional measures assessed general social acceptability, perceived threat to society, victim blaming in a sexual harassment scenario, and the attribution of personality traits and underlying motivations. The findings demonstrate that the platform label substantially shapes public perceptions. Specifically, association with OnlyFans resulted in lower levels of social acceptance, higher perceptions of threat to societal values, and greater victim blaming in the context of sexual harassment. Furthermore, significant interactions emerged between the target’s gender and the platform across several of the variables examined.
L’avvento delle tecnologie digitali e la diffusione della gig economy hanno profondamente trasformato il mercato del lavoro sessuale online, introducendo piattaforme basate su abbonamento che consentono una gestione autonoma della produzione e della commercializzazione di contenuti per adulti. Sebbene questo passaggio al virtuale venga spesso associato a forme di autodeterminazione e flessibilità lavorativa, la transizione digitale non ha eliminato le radicate dinamiche di marginalizzazione e svalutazione sociale che colpiscono chi opera in questo settore. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di indagare i meccanismi cognitivi alla base del pregiudizio e dello stigma sociale nel contesto del lavoro sessuale digitale, concentrandosi in modo specifico sulla variabile dell'attribuzione di umanità. Dal punto di vista teorico, il lavoro sessuale viene inquadrato come una forma di dirty work (lavoro sporco), caratterizzato da una profonda contaminazione morale. Questo stigma si traduce sul piano psicosociale in una resistenza a riconoscere la piena soggettività e le facoltà psicologiche di chi compie il lavoro, attivando processi cognitivi che portano a sottrarre caratteristiche tipicamente umane ai target stigmatizzati. L'obiettivo principale della ricerca sperimentale (Studio OUT) è verificare come l'etichetta associata alla piattaforma digitale influenzi in modo determinante il giudizio della collettività e l'attribuzione di umanità. A tal fine, è stato implementato un disegno sperimentale in cui i partecipanti venivano esposti a un profilo fittizio, manipolando sia il genere del target (Alice o Alessandro, designer grafici freelance) sia il contesto di appartenenza: la condizione di controllo (profilo Instagram) e la condizione sperimentale (profilo OnlyFans, associato alla condivisione di contenuti pornografici esclusivi dietro abbonamento). La variabile dipendente principale è stata rilevata attraverso una scala per la misurazione dell'attribuzione di umanità (con un punteggio da 0 a 100), affiancata da misure complementari relative all'accettabilità sociale generale, alla percezione di minaccia per la società, al victim blaming in uno scenario di molestia e all'attribuzione di tratti e motivazioni. I risultati empirici confermano come l'etichetta della piattaforma influenzi profondamente la percezione pubblica. L'appartenenza a OnlyFans porta a una minore accettazione sociale, a una maggiore percezione di minaccia per i valori sociali e a un incremento nella colpevolizzazione della vittima (victim blaming) in caso di molestia. I dati evidenziano inoltre interazioni significative tra il genere del target e la piattaforma utilizzata per diverse variabili indagate.
La Percezione di Umanità nel Sex Work Online: Un'Indagine Sperimentale sugli Effetti dello Stigma e del Pregiudizio Sociale
BENETTI, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
The advent of digital technologies and the expansion of the gig economy have profoundly transformed the online sex work market, giving rise to subscription-based platforms that enable creators to independently produce, manage, and monetize adult content. Although this shift toward digital environments is often associated with greater autonomy and work flexibility, the transition online has not eliminated the deeply rooted dynamics of marginalization and social devaluation experienced by individuals working in this sector. This thesis aims to investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying prejudice and social stigma in the context of digital sex work, with a particular focus on the attribution of humanness. From a theoretical perspective, sex work is conceptualized as a form of dirty work, characterized by strong moral taint. At the psychosocial level, this stigma manifests itself in a reduced willingness to acknowledge the full subjectivity and psychological capacities of sex workers, activating cognitive processes that deny them characteristics considered uniquely human. The primary objective of the experimental study (Study OUT) was to examine whether the label associated with a digital platform significantly influences public judgments and the attribution of humanness. To this end, a between-subjects experimental design was employed in which participants were presented with a fictitious profile. Both the target’s gender (Alice or Alessandro, freelance graphic designers) and the platform context were manipulated: a control condition featuring an Instagram profile and an experimental condition featuring an OnlyFans profile associated with the sharing of exclusive pornographic content through paid subscriptions. The main dependent variable was the attribution of humanness, measured using a scale ranging from 0 to 100. Additional measures assessed general social acceptability, perceived threat to society, victim blaming in a sexual harassment scenario, and the attribution of personality traits and underlying motivations. The findings demonstrate that the platform label substantially shapes public perceptions. Specifically, association with OnlyFans resulted in lower levels of social acceptance, higher perceptions of threat to societal values, and greater victim blaming in the context of sexual harassment. Furthermore, significant interactions emerged between the target’s gender and the platform across several of the variables examined.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/113852