The development of the nervous system is a dynamic and continuous process that, through the progressive maturation of brain structures and neural networks, lays the neurobiological foundations for future social competencies. Understanding the origin of these competencies requires examining not only the mechanisms that guide the formation and maturation of the central nervous system, but also the way in which genetic heritage and experience interact in shaping the brain throughout the individual's entire developmental trajectory. Through a review of the scientific literature, this thesis aims to reconstruct the main stages of neurobiological development that lead to the progressive acquisition of social competencies, from prenatal life to adolescence. The first chapter examines the fundamental processes underlying the ontogenesis of the nervous system, from the formation of the neural tube to synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, and the mechanisms of neuroplasticity that guide the organization and maturation of neural networks. The second chapter explores the origins of the earliest forms of human interaction during prenatal life by examining the development of fetal perceptual and motor abilities, mother–fetus interactions, fetal responses to intrauterine stimuli, and the evidence documenting early manifestations of relational behavior, including those observed in twin fetuses. The third chapter focuses on adolescence, a developmental stage characterized by profound reorganization of neural networks and the maturation of the systems involved in social cognition, emotional regulation, and decision-making processes. The aim of this work is to provide an integrated perspective on the neurobiological development of social competencies, highlighting that these competencies do not emerge suddenly after birth but rather represent the outcome of a long maturational process rooted in the earliest stages of embryonic development and continuously shaped through the interaction between biological heritage and experience until adolescence. From this perspective, the social brain is interpreted not as a predefined entity but as the outcome of a dynamic and continuous process that accompanies human development from prenatal life through adolescence.
Lo sviluppo del sistema nervoso costituisce un processo dinamico e continuo che, attraverso la progressiva maturazione delle strutture e delle reti cerebrali, pone le basi neurobiologiche delle future competenze sociali. Comprendere l'origine di tali competenze significa analizzare non solo i meccanismi che guidano la formazione e la maturazione del sistema nervoso centrale, ma anche il modo in cui patrimonio genetico ed esperienza interagiscono nel modellare il cervello lungo l'intero percorso evolutivo dell'individuo. Attraverso una revisione della letteratura scientifica, la presente tesi si propone di ricostruire le principali tappe dello sviluppo neurobiologico che conducono alla progressiva acquisizione delle competenze sociali, dalla vita prenatale all'adolescenza. Il primo capitolo analizza i processi fondamentali dell'ontogenesi del sistema nervoso, dalla formazione del tubo neurale, fino alla sinaptogenesi, al pruning sinaptico e ai meccanismi di neuroplasticità che guidano l'organizzazione e la maturazione delle reti neurali. Il secondo capitolo approfondisce l'origine delle prime forme di interazione umana durante la vita prenatale, esaminando lo sviluppo delle capacità percettive e motorie del feto, le interazioni madre-feto, le risposte agli stimoli intrauterini e le evidenze che documentano precoci manifestazioni di comportamento relazionale, comprese quelle osservate nei feti gemelli. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato all'adolescenza, fase caratterizzata da una profonda riorganizzazione delle reti cerebrali e dalla maturazione dei sistemi coinvolti nella cognizione sociale, nella regolazione emotiva e nei processi decisionali. L'obiettivo del lavoro è offrire una prospettiva integrata dello sviluppo neurobiologico delle competenze sociali, evidenziando come esse non costituiscano un'acquisizione improvvisa successiva alla nascita, ma il risultato di un lungo percorso di maturazione che affonda le proprie radici nelle prime fasi dello sviluppo embrionale e continua a modellarsi attraverso la costante interazione tra patrimonio biologico ed esperienza fino all'adolescenza. In questa prospettiva, il cervello sociale viene interpretato non come un'entità predefinita, ma come l'esito di un processo dinamico e continuo che accompagna lo sviluppo dell'individuo dalla vita prenatale all'età adolescenziale.
Dallo sviluppo del sistema nervoso al cervello sociale: basi neurobiologiche delle competenze sociali dalla vita prenatale all’adolescenza
CATALANO, CORINNE
2025/2026
Abstract
The development of the nervous system is a dynamic and continuous process that, through the progressive maturation of brain structures and neural networks, lays the neurobiological foundations for future social competencies. Understanding the origin of these competencies requires examining not only the mechanisms that guide the formation and maturation of the central nervous system, but also the way in which genetic heritage and experience interact in shaping the brain throughout the individual's entire developmental trajectory. Through a review of the scientific literature, this thesis aims to reconstruct the main stages of neurobiological development that lead to the progressive acquisition of social competencies, from prenatal life to adolescence. The first chapter examines the fundamental processes underlying the ontogenesis of the nervous system, from the formation of the neural tube to synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, and the mechanisms of neuroplasticity that guide the organization and maturation of neural networks. The second chapter explores the origins of the earliest forms of human interaction during prenatal life by examining the development of fetal perceptual and motor abilities, mother–fetus interactions, fetal responses to intrauterine stimuli, and the evidence documenting early manifestations of relational behavior, including those observed in twin fetuses. The third chapter focuses on adolescence, a developmental stage characterized by profound reorganization of neural networks and the maturation of the systems involved in social cognition, emotional regulation, and decision-making processes. The aim of this work is to provide an integrated perspective on the neurobiological development of social competencies, highlighting that these competencies do not emerge suddenly after birth but rather represent the outcome of a long maturational process rooted in the earliest stages of embryonic development and continuously shaped through the interaction between biological heritage and experience until adolescence. From this perspective, the social brain is interpreted not as a predefined entity but as the outcome of a dynamic and continuous process that accompanies human development from prenatal life through adolescence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/113857