This thesis critically analyzes the evaluation conducted by the IARC, which, in Volume 114 of its Monographs, classifies processed meat in group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") based on its association with colorectal carcinoma. However, the IARC classification—grounded in the concept of statistical hazard rather than actual biological risk—groups extremely heterogeneous products under a single definition, ignoring technological and product-related differences that condition their potentially different impacts on human health. The paper focuses on the cooked ham matrix, evaluating the relevance of the primary mechanisms of carcinogenesis: the cytotoxicity of heme iron, the endogenous synthesis of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) from added nitrites, and the formation of mutagenic molecules from thermal treatments, such as heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The study reveals that traditionally processed cooked ham offers a significant thermal advantage, as low-temperature steam cooking (68–72 °C core temperature) and the absence of smoking eliminate the presence of HCAs and PAHs. Furthermore, applying Italian regulation (Ministerial Decree 21/09/2005) based on the UPSD parameter demonstrates that cooked ham is not a uniform toxicological entity. A standard cooked Ham (UPSD ≤ 82), undergoing severe tissue breakdown, contains up to three times higher concentrations of free amino acids and biogenic amines compared to a high-quality cooked ham (UPSD ≤ 76.5), thereby accelerating nitrosation kinetics in the gastric lumen. In conclusion, it is not entirely accurate to assert that different products carry the same impact on human health. Effective prevention lies not in demonizing the food itself, but in selecting high-quality products and adhering to the consumption frequencies recommended by nutritional guidelines.
La presente tesi analizza criticamente la valutazione condotta dallo IARC che, nel Volume 114 delle Monografie, inserisce le carni trasformate nel gruppo 1 (“cancerogeno per l’uomo”) per la loro associazione col carcinoma colorettale. La classificazione della IARC, basata sul concetto di pericolo statistico (hazard) e non di rischio biologico reale (risk), raggruppa tuttavia prodotti estremamente eterogenei sotto un’unica definizione, ignorando le differenze tecnologiche e merceologiche che ne condizionano i possibili diversi impatti sulla salute nell’uomo. L’elaborato si focalizza sulla matrice del prosciutto cotto, valutando la rilevanza dei principali meccanismi di cancerogenesi: la citotossicità del ferro eme, la sintesi endogena di composti N-nitroso (NOC), a partire dai nitriti aggiunti, e la formazione di molecole mutagene da trattamenti termici, quali ammine eterocicliche (HCA) e idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA). Dallo studio emerge come il prosciutto cotto tradizionalmente lavorato presenti un importante vantaggio termico, poiché la cottura a vapore a basse temperature (68-72 °C al cuore) e l'assenza di fumi azzerano la presenza di HCA e IPA. Inoltre, l'applicazione della normativa italiana (D.M. 21/09/2005) fondata sul parametro UPSD dimostra che il prosciutto cotto non è un’entità tossicologica uniforme. Un prosciutto cotto standard (UPSD≤82), subendo una forte destrutturazione, contiene una concentrazione di aminoacidi liberi e ammine biogene fino a tre volte superiore rispetto a un prosciutto cotto di alta qualità (UPSD≤76,5), accelerando la cinetica di nitrosazione nel lume gastrico. Si conclude in prima istanza che non sarebbe pienamente corretto affermare che prodotti diversi abbiano lo stesso impatto sulla salute umana e che la reale prevenzione non risiede nella demonizzazione dell'alimento, ma nella scelta di prodotti di alta qualità e nel rispetto delle frequenze di consumo suggerite dalle linee guida nutrizionali.
La classificazione IARC riguardo la possibile cancerogenicità delle carni trasformate: il caso del prosciutto cotto
PIUCCO, SHARON
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis critically analyzes the evaluation conducted by the IARC, which, in Volume 114 of its Monographs, classifies processed meat in group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") based on its association with colorectal carcinoma. However, the IARC classification—grounded in the concept of statistical hazard rather than actual biological risk—groups extremely heterogeneous products under a single definition, ignoring technological and product-related differences that condition their potentially different impacts on human health. The paper focuses on the cooked ham matrix, evaluating the relevance of the primary mechanisms of carcinogenesis: the cytotoxicity of heme iron, the endogenous synthesis of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) from added nitrites, and the formation of mutagenic molecules from thermal treatments, such as heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The study reveals that traditionally processed cooked ham offers a significant thermal advantage, as low-temperature steam cooking (68–72 °C core temperature) and the absence of smoking eliminate the presence of HCAs and PAHs. Furthermore, applying Italian regulation (Ministerial Decree 21/09/2005) based on the UPSD parameter demonstrates that cooked ham is not a uniform toxicological entity. A standard cooked Ham (UPSD ≤ 82), undergoing severe tissue breakdown, contains up to three times higher concentrations of free amino acids and biogenic amines compared to a high-quality cooked ham (UPSD ≤ 76.5), thereby accelerating nitrosation kinetics in the gastric lumen. In conclusion, it is not entirely accurate to assert that different products carry the same impact on human health. Effective prevention lies not in demonizing the food itself, but in selecting high-quality products and adhering to the consumption frequencies recommended by nutritional guidelines.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116824