The first months of lactation represent the most critical and challenging period for the health status of the dairy cattle because of important physiological, nutritional, metabolic and immunological changes that occur during this period. The increasing nutrient requirements for milk production lead high-yielding cows to face a negative energy balance (NEB) condition. In this phase, a reduction in blood glucose and mobilization of body reserves, useful for providing additional energy to the animals, could be observed. These processes are accompanied by high blood level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and reduced levels of some minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus. All these changes in metabolism can promote the onset of some diseases such as: ketosis, hepatic lipidosis, hypocalcemia and some infectious diseases, in particular mastitis and metritis. For this thesis project, 295 Holstein dairy cattle from two herds in Piacenza province were sampled between 5th and 120th day postpartum, excluding those presenting infections, chronic diseases or clinical mastitis. The animals were selected based on the above characteristics, blood and milk samples were taken, followed by BCS evaluation and liver ultrasound measurements. Various types of analysis were performed on the milk and blood samples particularly regarding mineral determination. From the data obtained, through statistical analysis, were analyzed the associations between the mineral profile of milk, which included 15 macro-minerals, micro-minerals and environmental contaminants (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, Zn), animal body measurements (BCS), blood energy-related metabolites (NEFA, BHB, glucose, cholesterol, and urea), and hepatic ultrasound measurements (pTAG, PVD, PVA, LD). The goal of this thesis was mainly to analyze the possible relationships between the mineral profile of milk and selected metabolic parameters, evaluating than if these minerals can be used as indicators of presumed metabolic alterations in cows. The results obtained showed the presence of some significant associations between minerals and energy metabolites. Nevertheless, these associations must be considered as indirect associations between two different metabolisms: therefore, we cannot use minerals as direct indicators of metabolic disorders.
I primi mesi di lattazione rappresentano il periodo maggiormente critico e impegnativo per lo stato di salute della bovina in quanto in tale periodo si verificano importanti cambiamenti fisiologici, nutrizionali, metabolici e immunologici. Il crescente aumento del fabbisogno di nutrienti per la produzione di latte porta le vacche ad alto rendimento ad affrontare una condizione di bilancio energetico negativo. In questa fase è possibile osservare una riduzione della glicemia e la mobilizzazione delle riserve corporee utili a fornire energia aggiuntiva all’animale. Tali processi si accompagnano ad alte concentrazioni ematiche di acidi grassi non esterificati (NEFA), ß-idrossibutirrato (BHB) e a livelli ridotti di alcuni minerali, in particolare calcio e fosforo. Tutte queste variazioni metaboliche possono favorire l’insorgere di alcune patologie quali la chetosi, la lipidosi epatica, l’ipocalcemia e alcune malattie infettive, in particolare la mastite e la metrite. Per questo progetto di tesi sono state campionate 295 vacche Frisone in lattazione provenienti da due allevamenti della provincia di Piacenza, in un periodo compreso tra i 5° e 120° giorni post-parto, escludendo invece quelle che presentavano patologie clinicamente manifeste quali infezioni, patologie croniche o mastite. Ai soggetti scelti in base alle caratteristiche sopra citate sono stati prelevati campioni di sangue e di latte e, successivamente, è stato valutato il BCS ed eseguite ecografie epatiche. Sui campioni di latte e di sangue sono state effettuate diverse tipologie di analisi con particolare riguardo alla determinazione dei minerali. Dai dati ottenuti, attraverso un’analisi statistica, sono state evidenziate le associazioni esistenti tra il profilo minerale del latte, che comprendeva 15 macro, micro-minerali e contaminanti ambientali (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, Zn), la misurazione corporea degli animali (BCS), i metaboliti correlati all'energia del sangue (NEFA, BHB, glucosio, colesterolo e urea) e le misurazioni ecografiche epatiche (pTAG, PVD, PVA, LD). L'obiettivo di questa tesi è stato principalmente quello di analizzare le possibili relazioni esistenti tra il profilo minerale del latte e i parametri metabolici selezionati, valutando se tali minerali possono essere adoperati come indicatori di presunte alterazioni metaboliche nelle vacche. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato la presenza di alcune associazioni significative tra i minerali e i metaboliti energetici. Malgrado ciò, queste associazioni devono essere considerate come associazioni indirette tra due metabolismi differenti: non possiamo quindi utilizzare i minerali come indicatori diretti di disordini metabolici.
Associazione del profilo minerale del latte con indicatori del metabolismo energetico in bovine di razza Frisona
DALLAVALLE, GIULIA
2021/2022
Abstract
The first months of lactation represent the most critical and challenging period for the health status of the dairy cattle because of important physiological, nutritional, metabolic and immunological changes that occur during this period. The increasing nutrient requirements for milk production lead high-yielding cows to face a negative energy balance (NEB) condition. In this phase, a reduction in blood glucose and mobilization of body reserves, useful for providing additional energy to the animals, could be observed. These processes are accompanied by high blood level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and reduced levels of some minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus. All these changes in metabolism can promote the onset of some diseases such as: ketosis, hepatic lipidosis, hypocalcemia and some infectious diseases, in particular mastitis and metritis. For this thesis project, 295 Holstein dairy cattle from two herds in Piacenza province were sampled between 5th and 120th day postpartum, excluding those presenting infections, chronic diseases or clinical mastitis. The animals were selected based on the above characteristics, blood and milk samples were taken, followed by BCS evaluation and liver ultrasound measurements. Various types of analysis were performed on the milk and blood samples particularly regarding mineral determination. From the data obtained, through statistical analysis, were analyzed the associations between the mineral profile of milk, which included 15 macro-minerals, micro-minerals and environmental contaminants (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, Zn), animal body measurements (BCS), blood energy-related metabolites (NEFA, BHB, glucose, cholesterol, and urea), and hepatic ultrasound measurements (pTAG, PVD, PVA, LD). The goal of this thesis was mainly to analyze the possible relationships between the mineral profile of milk and selected metabolic parameters, evaluating than if these minerals can be used as indicators of presumed metabolic alterations in cows. The results obtained showed the presence of some significant associations between minerals and energy metabolites. Nevertheless, these associations must be considered as indirect associations between two different metabolisms: therefore, we cannot use minerals as direct indicators of metabolic disorders.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/31940