Gluten is the main reserve protein of the wheat grain. Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder, which is triggered in genetically predisposed people after the ingestion of gluten. Currently, the only available therapy for individuals with celiac disease is lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet that includes total exclusion of gluten-containing grain foods. The AIC (Italian Celiac Association) thanks to the consultation of experts in the field, has drawn up a ranking of products which reported the risk of containing gluten, called "ABC of the Celiac Diet". This constantly updated ranking makes it easy to recognize gluten-free products and provide advice to patients. According to this classification, foods are considered suitable for the gluten-free diet if the gluten content in them does not exceed the maximum tolerable limit of 20 ppm. This paper explains how recently the gluten-free market has been expanding more and more as we are faced with the phenomenon that in addition to truly celiac people, we find two other categories of consumers of gluten-free products, firstly the gluten sensitive and secondly the life stylers. In particular, the latter consume gluten-free products without a real medical reason but only because of the collective belief that a food free from or free of a certain ingredient, such as gluten-free, are healthier. For this reason, the need has developed to improve the quality of gluten-free products so as to provide foods on the market that meet the needs of consumers and are both nutritious and palatable. The purpose of the following thesis work is to investigate the latest techniques for improving bakery quality in gluten-free products. The indispensable role played by gluten within bakery products will be discussed. The main gluten-free flours used and their respective properties will be explained. Finally, the main methods to compensate and replace the absence of gluten in gluten free products will be examined, starting from the addition of ingredients such as food additives, proteins, enzymes and by-products, up to physical treatments to improve the performance of flour to produce gluten-free products, specifying the merits and demerits of each technique and the challenges related to their applications.
Il glutine costituisce la principale proteina di riserva del chicco di frumento. La celiachia è una patologia autoimmune, che si scatena in persone geneticamente predisposte a seguito dell’ingestione di glutine. Attualmente l’unica terapia disponibile per i soggetti celiaci è l’aderenza a vita ad una rigorosa dieta senza glutine che prevede l’esclusione totale di alimenti a base di cereali contenenti glutine. L’AIC (Associazione Italiana Celiachia) grazie alla consultazione di esperti del settore, ha stilato una classifica di prodotti con indicazione del rispettivo rischio di contenere glutine, chiamata “ABC della dieta dei celiaci”. Questa classifica in continuo aggiornamento permette di semplificare il riconoscimento dei prodotti gluten-free e di fornire consulenza ai pazienti. Secondo questa classifica gli alimenti sono considerati idonei alla dieta senza glutine se in essi il contenuto di glutine non supera il limite massimo di tollerabilità di 20 ppm. Il presente elaborato spiega come recentemente il mercato senza glutine si stia espandendo sempre di più in quanto ci troviamo di fronte al fenomeno per cui oltre ai soggetti realmente celiaci, troviamo altre due categorie di consumatori di prodotti senza glutine, in primis i gluten sensitive e in secondo luogo i life styler. In particolare, questi ultimi consumano prodotti senza glutine senza un reale motivo medico ma solo per la convinzione collettiva che un alimento free from ovvero privo di un determinato ingrediente, come per esempio il glutine, siano più sani. Per questo motivo si è sviluppata la necessità di migliorare la qualità dei prodotti gluten-free in modo tale da fornire sul mercato alimenti che rispondano alle esigenze dei consumatori e che siano allo stesso tempo sia nutrienti che appetibili. Lo scopo del seguente lavoro di tesi è quello di approfondire le più recenti tecniche di miglioramento della qualità panificatoria nei prodotti gluten free. Verrà discusso il ruolo indispensabile svolto dal glutine all’interno dei prodotti da forno. Saranno illustrate le principali farine senza glutine utilizzate e le rispettive proprietà. Infine, verranno esaminati i principali metodi per compensare e sostituire l’assenza di glutine all’interno dei prodotti gluten free, partendo dall’aggiunta di ingredienti quali additivi alimentari, proteine, enzimi e sottoprodotti, sino ad arrivare a trattamenti fisici per migliorare le prestazioni delle farine per produrre prodotti senza glutine, specificando meriti e demeriti di ogni tecnica e le sfide legate alle loro applicazioni.
Sviluppi recenti per il miglioramento della qualità panificatoria nei prodotti gluten-free
POLETTO, SILVIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Gluten is the main reserve protein of the wheat grain. Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder, which is triggered in genetically predisposed people after the ingestion of gluten. Currently, the only available therapy for individuals with celiac disease is lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet that includes total exclusion of gluten-containing grain foods. The AIC (Italian Celiac Association) thanks to the consultation of experts in the field, has drawn up a ranking of products which reported the risk of containing gluten, called "ABC of the Celiac Diet". This constantly updated ranking makes it easy to recognize gluten-free products and provide advice to patients. According to this classification, foods are considered suitable for the gluten-free diet if the gluten content in them does not exceed the maximum tolerable limit of 20 ppm. This paper explains how recently the gluten-free market has been expanding more and more as we are faced with the phenomenon that in addition to truly celiac people, we find two other categories of consumers of gluten-free products, firstly the gluten sensitive and secondly the life stylers. In particular, the latter consume gluten-free products without a real medical reason but only because of the collective belief that a food free from or free of a certain ingredient, such as gluten-free, are healthier. For this reason, the need has developed to improve the quality of gluten-free products so as to provide foods on the market that meet the needs of consumers and are both nutritious and palatable. The purpose of the following thesis work is to investigate the latest techniques for improving bakery quality in gluten-free products. The indispensable role played by gluten within bakery products will be discussed. The main gluten-free flours used and their respective properties will be explained. Finally, the main methods to compensate and replace the absence of gluten in gluten free products will be examined, starting from the addition of ingredients such as food additives, proteins, enzymes and by-products, up to physical treatments to improve the performance of flour to produce gluten-free products, specifying the merits and demerits of each technique and the challenges related to their applications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/49133