In the last few years, alternative proteins sources for livestock feeding have been researched, in particular these sources must be adequate for their nutritional needs and at the same time respectful of the environment. Among these, insects are becoming increasingly important both as "feed" and as "food" as they present numerous advantages, including their ability to transform food waste into protein of high biological value, rapid growth, reduced water demand and the need for minimal space. However, European legislation, in order to protect its citizens, has introduced restrictions on the livestock species to which it is possible to give processed animal proteins derived from insects, the form in which they can be given, the species of insects that can be farmed and to the substrates that can be used for the insects rearing. Public opinion is also increasingly asking for higher welfare standards to be guaranteed to animals on farms and this has led to the need for a transition of housing systems. For laying hens in particular, this has led to a transition towards cage-free systems, where hens have greater freedom of movement and can display species-specific behaviours. However, these systems are not free from problems such as feather pecking or aggressive behaviours, which can be avoided or reduced thanks to the use of environmental and food enrichments. The topic of environmental enrichments has been explored by many researchers, who have evaluated the role of different types of enrichment. The most recent trend is to provide live insect larvae as a form of food enrichment, with the aim of stimulating animals to exhibit foraging behaviours. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of an inclusion of live larvae of Hermetia illucens, in a quantity equal to the 10% of the daily food intake, in laying hens reared in a cage-free aviary system on animal behaviour and egg production and quality. The administration of live larvae had no significant effect on the live weight of the animals, nor on their productive performance, nor the physical and rheological characteristics of the eggs. Regarding the egg chemical composition, the enrichment resulted in a significant increase of the proportions of C14:0 (myristic acid) (P<0,001) and linoleic acid (C18:2 trans 9-11) (P<0,001) in the yolk. In the sensory evaluation, only 21 of the 67 participants to the panel test were able to identify the eggs coming from the hens of the experimental group, indicating that the administration of the larvae did not have a significant impact on the organoleptic characteristics. Regarding the behaviour of the animals, in the experimental group, a greater number of animals was observed in the free litter area (P<0,001), however this was not associated with a greater propensity to lay eggs on the ground. About the effect of food supplementation with insect larvae on the percentage of laying hens engaged in different behaviours, in the case of the presence of insects, a greater percentage of hens was observed eating the insect from the feeder compared to the group without supplementation, they were in fact 6,88% (P<0,001), while the hens pecking around the feeder were (1,77%; P<0,001). In conclusion, live insect larvae can be supplemented in a quantity equal to 10% of voluntary food consumption as food enrichment without effects on animal performance or egg quality, while they appear to favour egg laying in nests. On the other hand, it could be interesting to study different methods of administration that can stimulate the layers more with respect to other species-specific behaviours as well as to their degree of satisfaction and affective state.
Negli ultimi anni si stanno cercando fonti proteiche alternative da utilizzare nell’alimentazione degli animali, che siano adeguate ai loro fabbisogni ed al tempo stesso rispettose dell’ambiente. Tra queste, stanno acquisendo sempre maggiore importanza gli insetti sia come “feed”, che come “food”. A questi fini, gli insetti presentano numerosi vantaggi, tra i quali la loro capacità di trasformare scarti alimentari in proteina di elevato valore biologico, rapido accrescimento, ridotta richiesta idrica e necessità di spazi minimi. La legislazione Europea, tuttavia, al fine di tutelare i suoi cittadini, ha posto limiti stringenti in merito alle specie zootecniche alle quali è possibile somministrare proteine trasformate di origine animale derivanti dagli insetti, alla forma in cui gli insetti vengono somministrati, alle specie di insetti allevabili e ai substrati utilizzabili per l’allevamento di questi ultimi. D’altra parte, l’opinione pubblica è sempre più esigente in merito agli standard di benessere da garantire agli animali all’interno degli allevamenti. Per le galline ovaiole, in particolare, questo ha portato ad una transizione verso sistemi di stabulazione cage-free, dove le galline godono di maggiore libertà di movimento e possono manifestare comportamenti specie-specifici. Tali sistemi, tuttavia, non sono immuni da problematiche quali la plumofagia o fenomeni di aggressività, che possono essere evitati o ridotti grazie all’utilizzo di arricchimenti ambientali ed alimentari. Il tema degli arricchimenti ambientali è stato esplorato da molti ricercatori, i quali hanno valutato l’efficacia di diverse tipologie di arricchimento. Tra le opzioni più recenti, la somministrazione di larve vive di insetto ha ricevuto molta attenzione quale forma di arricchimento alimentare, volta a stimolare gli animali alla manifestazione di comportamenti di foraggiamento e ricerca del cibo. La presente tesi ha avuto lo scopo di valutare l’effetto di un’inclusione di larve vive di Hermetia illucens, per una quantità pari al 10% dell’ingestione giornaliera, nella dieta di galline ovaiole allevate in un sistema di tipo cage-free ad aviario sul comportamento, sulla produzione e sulla qualità delle uova. La somministrazione delle larve vive non ha avuto alcun effetto significativo sul peso vivo degli animali, né sulle loro prestazioni produttive e nemmeno sulle caratteristiche fisiche e reologiche delle uova. Per quanto riguarda la composizione chimica delle uova, l’arricchimento ha comportato un aumento significativo limitatamente alla proporzione di C14:0 (acido miristico) (P<0,001) e acido linoleico (C18:2 trans 9-11) (P<0,001) nel tuorlo. In quanto alla valutazione sensoriale, solo 21 dei 67 partecipanti al panel test hanno individuato le uova provenienti dalle galline del gruppo sperimentale, ciò ad indicare che la somministrazione delle larve non abbia avuto un impatto significativo sulle caratteristiche organolettiche. Per quanto riguarda il comportamento degli animali e la loro distribuzione, dove avveniva la somministrazione delle larve, è stato osservato una maggior numero di animali nell’area di lettiera libera (23,0 vs. 24,2; P<0,001). Questo non è stato però associato ad una maggiore propensione a deporre le uova a terra. In conclusione, le larve vive d’insetto possono essere utilizzate in quantità pari al 10% del consumo volontario di alimento quale forma di arricchimento alimentare, senza effetti sulle prestazioni degli animali o la qualità delle uova, mentre sembrano favorire la deposizione delle uova nei nidi. D’altra parte, potrebbe essere pertanto interessante lo studio di diverse modalità di somministrazione che possano stimolare maggiormente le ovaiole rispetto ad altri comportamenti specie-specifici oltre che, eventualmente, rispetto al loro grado di soddisfazione e stato affettivo.
Effetto dell’arricchimento con larve vive di Hermetia illucens sul comportamento di galline ovaiole e la qualità delle uova
MIOLO, ANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
In the last few years, alternative proteins sources for livestock feeding have been researched, in particular these sources must be adequate for their nutritional needs and at the same time respectful of the environment. Among these, insects are becoming increasingly important both as "feed" and as "food" as they present numerous advantages, including their ability to transform food waste into protein of high biological value, rapid growth, reduced water demand and the need for minimal space. However, European legislation, in order to protect its citizens, has introduced restrictions on the livestock species to which it is possible to give processed animal proteins derived from insects, the form in which they can be given, the species of insects that can be farmed and to the substrates that can be used for the insects rearing. Public opinion is also increasingly asking for higher welfare standards to be guaranteed to animals on farms and this has led to the need for a transition of housing systems. For laying hens in particular, this has led to a transition towards cage-free systems, where hens have greater freedom of movement and can display species-specific behaviours. However, these systems are not free from problems such as feather pecking or aggressive behaviours, which can be avoided or reduced thanks to the use of environmental and food enrichments. The topic of environmental enrichments has been explored by many researchers, who have evaluated the role of different types of enrichment. The most recent trend is to provide live insect larvae as a form of food enrichment, with the aim of stimulating animals to exhibit foraging behaviours. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of an inclusion of live larvae of Hermetia illucens, in a quantity equal to the 10% of the daily food intake, in laying hens reared in a cage-free aviary system on animal behaviour and egg production and quality. The administration of live larvae had no significant effect on the live weight of the animals, nor on their productive performance, nor the physical and rheological characteristics of the eggs. Regarding the egg chemical composition, the enrichment resulted in a significant increase of the proportions of C14:0 (myristic acid) (P<0,001) and linoleic acid (C18:2 trans 9-11) (P<0,001) in the yolk. In the sensory evaluation, only 21 of the 67 participants to the panel test were able to identify the eggs coming from the hens of the experimental group, indicating that the administration of the larvae did not have a significant impact on the organoleptic characteristics. Regarding the behaviour of the animals, in the experimental group, a greater number of animals was observed in the free litter area (P<0,001), however this was not associated with a greater propensity to lay eggs on the ground. About the effect of food supplementation with insect larvae on the percentage of laying hens engaged in different behaviours, in the case of the presence of insects, a greater percentage of hens was observed eating the insect from the feeder compared to the group without supplementation, they were in fact 6,88% (P<0,001), while the hens pecking around the feeder were (1,77%; P<0,001). In conclusion, live insect larvae can be supplemented in a quantity equal to 10% of voluntary food consumption as food enrichment without effects on animal performance or egg quality, while they appear to favour egg laying in nests. On the other hand, it could be interesting to study different methods of administration that can stimulate the layers more with respect to other species-specific behaviours as well as to their degree of satisfaction and affective state.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67332