Edible insects represent a good nutritional source, both for humans, farmed animals and pets; they are sustainable, especially when compared to other animal food sources present nowadays on the market, and they embrace the concept of circular economy, which aims for a maximum reduction of waste, allowing every resource to be reused. Among the species used, one of the most know is Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly, an insect belonging to the Order of Diptera; black soldier fly is characterized by an enormous bio-conversion capacity, and has proven itself capable of growing and obtaining excellent reproductive performance on a very wide variety of different substrates, and currently used for the production of feed for farmed and companion animals. Research has been dealing with this new sector for some time, examining in depth and investigating all the various aspects that concern it, still finding, however, quite a few obstacles, which limit the production and marketing of insects. Legislation, doubts of hygienic-sanitary matter and rejection by public opinion are just some of the problems these small animals have to face to get the green light in every aspect. Taking the legislation as an example, the legislation currently in force, Regulation (EU) 1069/2009, identifies insects as farmed animals and, as such, their diet must be composed of only healthy and safe foods and raw materials , in order to guarantee maximum hygienic and health safety for the consumer, whether human or animal. This limitation of substrates represents a significant obstacle in achieving the circularity that is so much aspired to: waste and byproducts from the food industry, such as fruit, vegetables, bread products could represent a precious food source, which species such as H. illucens have demonstrated their ability to make best use of it. This thesis aims to investigate the effects of the administration of two different meat-based diets to Hermetia illucens larvae, in order to identify any risks, but also the potential that these substrates could have. Diets based on products of animal origin are not permitted, pursuant to Regulation (EC) "TSE" 999/2001, due to the fear that still lingers against the infamous "mad cow". The objective of this thesis is therefore to avoid risks relating to food safety, and to verify through analysis and growth curves whether the products used - raw pork, chicken and turkey meat and processed products of the same species - allow good performances, suitable also to large-scale commercial solutions. From the results obtained, it is highlighted that all the diets provided promising results, as the larvae showed optimal growth performance. Larvae fed the raw meat diet achieved higher weights, while larvae on the control diet provided the lowest weights. The possible approval of a substrate like this, but also of many others not yet approved, would represent an enormous step forward in terms of sustainability and production of food resources, giving new life not only to wastes and by-products, which are becoming increasingly quantitatively heavy, but also to our planet, its inhabitants and the ecosystem, which without everyone's collaboration will soon collapse under the weight of our actions.
Gli insetti commestibili rappresentano una buona fonte nutritiva, sia per esseri umani che per i nostri animali, di allevamento e non; sono sostenibili, specialmente quando paragonati alle altre fonti alimentari di origine animale presenti tuttora sul mercato, ed abbracciano il concetto di economia circolare, che ambisce ad una riduzione massima degli scarti e dei rifiuti, permettendo di riutilizzare ogni risorsa. Tra le specie utilizzate, uno dei fiori all’occhiello è l’Hermetia illucens, la mosca soldato nera, un insetto appartenente all’Ordine dei Ditteri, caratterizzato da un’enorme capacità di bio-conversione, e che si è rivelato in grado di crescere ed ottenere ottime performance riproduttive su un ampissima varietà di substrati diversi, dai vegetali alle deiezioni di altre specie animali, ed attualmente utilizzato per la produzione di mangimi per animali di allevamento e da compagnia. La ricerca è da tempo che si occupa di questo nuovo settore, approfondendo ed indagando tutti i vari aspetti che lo riguardano, trovando ancora, però, non pochi ostacoli, che vanno a limitare la produzione e la commercializzazione degli insetti: legislazione, dubbi di stampo igienico-sanitario e rifiuto da parte dell’opinione pubblica sono solo alcuni dei problemi a cui questi piccoli animali devono far fronte per avere il via libera sotto ogni aspetto. Portando d’esempio la legislazione, la normativa attualmente in vigore, il Regolamento (UE) 1069/2009, identifica gli insetti come animali di allevamento e, in quanto tali, la loro dieta deve essere composta da soli alimenti e materie prime sane e sicure, al fine di garantire la massima sicurezza igienico sanitaria per il consumatore, umano od animale che sia. Questa limitazione di substrati rappresenta uno scoglio non indifferente nel raggiungimento della circolarità a cui tanto si ambisce: scarti e sotto prodotti di industrie alimentari, quali frutta, verdura, panificati, o scarti della macellazione potrebbero rappresentare una fonte alimentare preziosa, che specie come l’H. illucens hanno dimostrato di saper utilizzare al meglio. A tal proposito, questa tesi si propone di indagare gli effetti della somministrazione di due diversi diete a base di carne su larve di Hermetia illucens, al fine di identificarne gli eventuali rischi, ma anche le potenzialità che questi substrati potrebbero avere. Le diete a base di prodotti di origine animale non sono ammesse, a norma del Regolamento (CE) “TSE” 999/2001, a causa del timore che ancora aleggia contro la famigerata “mucca pazza”. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quindi scongiurare i rischi relativi alla sicurezza alimentare, e verificare tramite analisi centesimali e curve di accrescimento se i prodotti utilizzati - carne cruda di suino, pollo e tacchino e prodotti trasformati delle medesime specie - permettano buone performance, adatte anche a soluzioni commerciali su larga scala. Dai risultati ottenuti, si evidenzia come tutte le diete abbiano fornito risultati promettenti, in quanto le larve hanno mostrato performance di crescita ottimali. Le larve alimentate con la dieta a base di carne cruda hanno raggiunto pesi più elevati, mentre le larve della dieta di controllo hanno fornito i pesi più bassi. L’eventuale approvazione di un substrato come questo, ma anche di molti altri non ancora ammessi, rappresenterebbe un enorme passo in avanti in merito di sostenibilità e produzione di risorse alimentari, dando nuova vita non solo a scarti, sottoprodotti e rifiuti che diventano sempre più quantitativamente pesanti, ma anche al nostro pianeta, ai suoi abitanti ed all’ecosistema, che senza la collaborazione di tutti cederanno presto sotto il peso delle nostre azioni.
Alimentazione a base di carne: effetto su prestazioni di crescita e valore nutrizionale di larve di Hermetia illucens
ZANZOT, ASIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Edible insects represent a good nutritional source, both for humans, farmed animals and pets; they are sustainable, especially when compared to other animal food sources present nowadays on the market, and they embrace the concept of circular economy, which aims for a maximum reduction of waste, allowing every resource to be reused. Among the species used, one of the most know is Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly, an insect belonging to the Order of Diptera; black soldier fly is characterized by an enormous bio-conversion capacity, and has proven itself capable of growing and obtaining excellent reproductive performance on a very wide variety of different substrates, and currently used for the production of feed for farmed and companion animals. Research has been dealing with this new sector for some time, examining in depth and investigating all the various aspects that concern it, still finding, however, quite a few obstacles, which limit the production and marketing of insects. Legislation, doubts of hygienic-sanitary matter and rejection by public opinion are just some of the problems these small animals have to face to get the green light in every aspect. Taking the legislation as an example, the legislation currently in force, Regulation (EU) 1069/2009, identifies insects as farmed animals and, as such, their diet must be composed of only healthy and safe foods and raw materials , in order to guarantee maximum hygienic and health safety for the consumer, whether human or animal. This limitation of substrates represents a significant obstacle in achieving the circularity that is so much aspired to: waste and byproducts from the food industry, such as fruit, vegetables, bread products could represent a precious food source, which species such as H. illucens have demonstrated their ability to make best use of it. This thesis aims to investigate the effects of the administration of two different meat-based diets to Hermetia illucens larvae, in order to identify any risks, but also the potential that these substrates could have. Diets based on products of animal origin are not permitted, pursuant to Regulation (EC) "TSE" 999/2001, due to the fear that still lingers against the infamous "mad cow". The objective of this thesis is therefore to avoid risks relating to food safety, and to verify through analysis and growth curves whether the products used - raw pork, chicken and turkey meat and processed products of the same species - allow good performances, suitable also to large-scale commercial solutions. From the results obtained, it is highlighted that all the diets provided promising results, as the larvae showed optimal growth performance. Larvae fed the raw meat diet achieved higher weights, while larvae on the control diet provided the lowest weights. The possible approval of a substrate like this, but also of many others not yet approved, would represent an enormous step forward in terms of sustainability and production of food resources, giving new life not only to wastes and by-products, which are becoming increasingly quantitatively heavy, but also to our planet, its inhabitants and the ecosystem, which without everyone's collaboration will soon collapse under the weight of our actions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70709