Background and aim: The basis of good sport performance is a balanced diet that enables development and regeneration of the organism in addition to improvement in performance. Physical activity represents a mechanical and metabolic stress for human body that causes inflammation and oxidative stress. The Mediterranean diet (MD), characterized by a high intake of foods rich in antioxidants, can contribute to the protection of cells from oxidative damage. Therefore, the intake of these foods may accelerate muscle recovery and reduce consequences of oxidative stress. The first aim of the research was to assess the level of adherence to the MD among climbers. Considering geographical and cultural characteristics of Lisbon, the research hypothesis was that there was a high degree of adherence to the MD in the investigated population. The second aim was to identify nutritional risks in the diet of this population. The third aim was to make a short literature review regarding the adherence to the MD among athletes. Methods: The research was conducted as an analytical cross-sectional study in January and February 2024, using PREDIMED questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were disseminated in four climbing gyms in Lisbon. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: A total of 278 climbers were included, 90 women and 188 men, with the mean age 30.8 years and mean body mass index 22.20. On average, the participants had been climbing between 1 and 3 years, 2.4 times per week. Results showed a medium adherence (8.47 ± 2.08 points) to the MD. Several nutritional risks were identified: insufficient daily intake of fruits, fish, and shellfish; daily consumption of olive oil was lower than that considered to be in accordance with the MD; and 11.5% of the investigated population did not consume meat. Conclusion: The awareness of the correct food selection needed to meet increased energy requirements and the importance of micronutrients and antioxidants should be raised in climbers. Climbing is a sport that puts great pressure on tendons and ligaments, which often sustain injury, and the MD, rich in antioxidants and micronutrients, could be used as a prevention method. Also, nutritional education should be focused on providing knowledge on further benefits of the MD on body composition, energy availability, speed of recovery and adaptation, and athletic performance. This information should be accompanied by recommendations adapted to the type of sport, volume and intensity of training, body composition, food allergies and other special needs of an athlete.
Contesto e scopo: La base per una buona prestazione sportiva è un'alimentazione equilibrata che consenta lo sviluppo e la rigenerazione dell'organismo, nonché il miglioramento delle prestazioni. L’attività fisica rappresenta uno stress meccanico e metabolico per il corpo umano che provoca infiammazione e stress ossidativo. La dieta mediterranea è caratterizzata da un elevato apporto di alimenti ricchi di antiossidanti che contribuiscono alla protezione delle cellule dal danno ossidativo. Pertanto, l’ingestione di questi alimenti può accelerare il recupero muscolare e ridurre le conseguenze dello stress ossidativo. Il primo obiettivo di questa ricerca era valutare il livello di aderenza alla dieta mediterranea (MD) tra gli arrampicatori. Considerando le caratteristiche geografiche e culturali di Lisbona, l'ipotesi di ricerca era che ci fosse un alto grado di aderenza alla dieta mediterranea nella popolazione studiata. L'obiettivo secondario era identificare i rischi nutrizionali nella dieta di questa popolazione. Il terzo obiettivo dello studio era quello di effettuare una breve revisione della letteratura in riguardo all'adesione alla dieta mediterranea tra gli atleti. Metodi: la ricerca è stata condotta come studio trasversale analitico nei mesi di gennaio e febbraio di 2024, utilizzando il questionario PREDIMED. I questionari sono stati diffusi in quattro palestre di arrampicata a Lisbona. I dati raccolti sono stati elaborati statisticamente utilizzando il pacchetto Statistico per le Scienze Sociali. Risultati: Nella ricerca sono stati inclusi 278 scalatori: 90 femmine e 188 maschi, con età media di 30,8 anni. I partecipanti (in media) facevano arrampicata da 1 a 3 anni, 2,4 volte a settimana. Il loro BMI medio era 22,20. I risultati hanno mostrato un’aderenza media (8,47 ± 2.08 punti) alla dieta mediterranea. Inoltre, sono stati identificati diversi rischi nutrizionali, come insufficiente ingestione giornaliera di frutta ed anche insufficiente assunzione settimanale di pesce e frutti di mare. Inoltre, è stato osservato che la quantità di olio d'oliva consumata quotidianamente era inferiore alla quantità considerata conforme al DM. È stato inoltre notato che l'11,5% della popolazione studiata non mangiava carne. Conclusione: Si è concluso che la consapevolezza della corretta selezione degli alimenti per soddisfare i crescenti bisogni energetici e dell'importanza dei micronutrienti e degli antiossidanti deve essere aumentata attraverso l'educazione nutrizionale degli atleti. Poiché l’arrampicata è uno sport che esercita una forte pressione sui tendini e sui legamenti, che spesso sono lesionati, la dieta mediterranea, con il suo ricco apporto di antiossidanti e micronutrienti, potrebbe essere utilizzata come metodo di prevenzione. Inoltre, l’educazione nutrizionale dovrebbe fornire conoscenze sui benefici della DM legati non solo alla riduzione del rischio di infortuni e malattie, ma anche ai suoi benefici sulla composizione corporea, sulla disponibilità di energia, sulla velocità di recupero e adattamento e sulle prestazioni atletiche. Queste informazioni dovrebbero essere accompagnate da raccomandazioni adatte al tipo di sport, volume e intensità dell'allenamento, composizione corporea, allergie alimentari e altre esigenze particolari di un atleta.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Climbers
KURMAZOVIĆ, NATALIJA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background and aim: The basis of good sport performance is a balanced diet that enables development and regeneration of the organism in addition to improvement in performance. Physical activity represents a mechanical and metabolic stress for human body that causes inflammation and oxidative stress. The Mediterranean diet (MD), characterized by a high intake of foods rich in antioxidants, can contribute to the protection of cells from oxidative damage. Therefore, the intake of these foods may accelerate muscle recovery and reduce consequences of oxidative stress. The first aim of the research was to assess the level of adherence to the MD among climbers. Considering geographical and cultural characteristics of Lisbon, the research hypothesis was that there was a high degree of adherence to the MD in the investigated population. The second aim was to identify nutritional risks in the diet of this population. The third aim was to make a short literature review regarding the adherence to the MD among athletes. Methods: The research was conducted as an analytical cross-sectional study in January and February 2024, using PREDIMED questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were disseminated in four climbing gyms in Lisbon. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: A total of 278 climbers were included, 90 women and 188 men, with the mean age 30.8 years and mean body mass index 22.20. On average, the participants had been climbing between 1 and 3 years, 2.4 times per week. Results showed a medium adherence (8.47 ± 2.08 points) to the MD. Several nutritional risks were identified: insufficient daily intake of fruits, fish, and shellfish; daily consumption of olive oil was lower than that considered to be in accordance with the MD; and 11.5% of the investigated population did not consume meat. Conclusion: The awareness of the correct food selection needed to meet increased energy requirements and the importance of micronutrients and antioxidants should be raised in climbers. Climbing is a sport that puts great pressure on tendons and ligaments, which often sustain injury, and the MD, rich in antioxidants and micronutrients, could be used as a prevention method. Also, nutritional education should be focused on providing knowledge on further benefits of the MD on body composition, energy availability, speed of recovery and adaptation, and athletic performance. This information should be accompanied by recommendations adapted to the type of sport, volume and intensity of training, body composition, food allergies and other special needs of an athlete.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/71061