This thesis examines the efficacy of diverse apple thinning techniques, with a specific emphasis on organic farming, which requires the implementation of treatments that are in alignment with the principles of sustainability and environmental protection. The conventional approach to chemical thinning involves the use of combinations of calcium polysulfide and mineral oil, but these methods may have inherent limitations, particularly in the context of organic farming, where regulations are more stringent, and the objective is to minimize the use of chemicals. The study was conducted on two apple varieties, Renè Civren and Gaia, which were subjected to different application methods of thinning treatments. In addition to the conventional techniques, the research also examined the potential of alternative methods, such as the use of vinasse and soft soap (potassium salt of unsaturated fatty acids), as more environmentally conscious alternatives for apple thinning. The experimental results demonstrated that the traditional treatment with calcium polysulfide and mineral oil did not point out a notable reduction in total final fruit drop when applied to the Renè Civren variety, when compared to the untreated control. This indicates that this combination may not be suitable to all apple varieties, and an adaptation of practices to align with the specific characteristics of the cultivar in question may be required. In contrast, the Gaia variety exhibited a higher late fruit drop, which reduced the total fruit load. This suggests that the traditional treatment was more effective in this case. The alternative use of vinasse demonstrated considerable potential as a thinning agent, with results in some cases better than those obtained with the traditional treatment. However, soft soap, although effective, was applied at high rates, which might render the treatment not sustainable in agricultural production contexts due to its high costs. The thesis concludes by emphasizing the need for new research on these techniques in order to optimize thinning practices in organic farming. The objective is to identify methods that are not only effective but also economically and environmentally sustainable, with the aim of making organic apple farming a viable alternative to conventional and integrated farming methods. It is evident that there is a need to tailor thinning treatments to specific varieties and local conditions, as well as to explore new substances that can enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of organic apple farming.
La tesi esplora l'efficacia di diverse tecniche di diradamento del melo, con un focus particolare prima sull’agricoltura integrata e poi sull'agricoltura biologica, che richiede l'uso di trattamenti compatibili con i principi della sostenibilità e della tutela dell'ambiente. Tradizionalmente, il diradamento chimico viene eseguito utilizzando prodotti di sintesi chimica ad azione fisica o ormonale, che però possono presentare limitazioni, soprattutto in contesti biologici dove le normative sono più restrittive e l'obiettivo è minimizzare l'uso di sostanze chimiche. Partendo dagli unici prodotti consentiti ed utilizzati in agricoltura biologica, ossia polisolfuro di calcio e olio minerale, è stato condotto uno studio su due varietà di melo, Renè Civren e Gaia, che sono state sottoposte a diverse modalità di applicazione dei trattamenti diradanti. Oltre ai metodi tradizionali, la ricerca ha investigato l'uso di alternative come la borlanda e il sapone molle (sali potassici di acidi grassi insaturi), prodotti che potrebbero rappresentare opzioni più sostenibili, alternative e/o aggiuntive nel diradamento del melo. I risultati della sperimentazione hanno evidenziato che, per la varietà Renè Civren, il trattamento tradizionale con polisolfuro di calcio e olio minerale non ha portato a una riduzione significativa della cascola totale dei frutti rispetto al controllo non trattato. Questo suggerisce che tale combinazione potrebbe non essere adeguata a tutte le varietà di melo, richiedendo un adattamento delle pratiche a seconda delle specifiche caratteristiche della cultivar. Al contrario, nella varietà Gaia, si è osservata una cascola tardiva più abbondante, che ha ridotto il numero di frutti persistenti, suggerendo una possibile maggiore efficacia del trattamento tradizionale. L'alternativa della borlanda ha dimostrato un buon potenziale come agente diradante, con risultati che in alcuni casi hanno superato quelli ottenuti con il trattamento tradizionale. Tuttavia, l'uso del sapone molle, sebbene efficace, ha comportato l'impiego di dosi elevate, che potrebbero rendere il trattamento poco praticabile in contesti di produzione agricola a causa dei costi elevati ma soprattutto dei dosaggi massimi consentiti che sono decisamente inferiori. Le conclusioni della tesi sottolineano l'importanza di continuare la ricerca su queste tecniche per ottimizzare le pratiche di diradamento in agricoltura biologica. L'obiettivo è quello di identificare metodi che non solo siano efficaci, ma anche sostenibili dal punto di vista economico e ambientale, in modo da rendere la melicoltura biologica una valida alternativa ai metodi di agricoltura convenzionale e integrata. La necessità di adattare i trattamenti diradanti alle specifiche varietà e alle condizioni locali emerge chiaramente, insieme all'importanza di esplorare nuove sostanze che possano migliorare la competitività e la sostenibilità della melicoltura biologica.
Il diradamento del melo: prova pilota comparativa con formulati disponibili per l'agricoltura biologica.
PATERNO, SIMONE
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis examines the efficacy of diverse apple thinning techniques, with a specific emphasis on organic farming, which requires the implementation of treatments that are in alignment with the principles of sustainability and environmental protection. The conventional approach to chemical thinning involves the use of combinations of calcium polysulfide and mineral oil, but these methods may have inherent limitations, particularly in the context of organic farming, where regulations are more stringent, and the objective is to minimize the use of chemicals. The study was conducted on two apple varieties, Renè Civren and Gaia, which were subjected to different application methods of thinning treatments. In addition to the conventional techniques, the research also examined the potential of alternative methods, such as the use of vinasse and soft soap (potassium salt of unsaturated fatty acids), as more environmentally conscious alternatives for apple thinning. The experimental results demonstrated that the traditional treatment with calcium polysulfide and mineral oil did not point out a notable reduction in total final fruit drop when applied to the Renè Civren variety, when compared to the untreated control. This indicates that this combination may not be suitable to all apple varieties, and an adaptation of practices to align with the specific characteristics of the cultivar in question may be required. In contrast, the Gaia variety exhibited a higher late fruit drop, which reduced the total fruit load. This suggests that the traditional treatment was more effective in this case. The alternative use of vinasse demonstrated considerable potential as a thinning agent, with results in some cases better than those obtained with the traditional treatment. However, soft soap, although effective, was applied at high rates, which might render the treatment not sustainable in agricultural production contexts due to its high costs. The thesis concludes by emphasizing the need for new research on these techniques in order to optimize thinning practices in organic farming. The objective is to identify methods that are not only effective but also economically and environmentally sustainable, with the aim of making organic apple farming a viable alternative to conventional and integrated farming methods. It is evident that there is a need to tailor thinning treatments to specific varieties and local conditions, as well as to explore new substances that can enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of organic apple farming.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/72986