Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for the red coloration in apples. They are phenolic compounds belonging to the flavonoid family. The synthesis of anthocyanins is influenced by genetic, environmental and hormonal aspects. Sight is the first sense that determines the acceptability of food by the consumer. In addition, red apples are more preferred by consumers because the red color reflects a better degree of ripeness. Global warming is a problem of recent years that negatively affects the synthesis of anthocyanins. For these reasons it is necessary to identify solutions that increase the visual quality of red apples. Among phytohormones, jasmonates play an important role because they are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites and can regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this research, the effect of two jasmonate-based treatments was evaluated on Fuji apples. The formulations were applied at three different times before harvest. The effects of jasmonate application were studied on quality indices, on the superficial red area and on the intensity of red color of apples at harvest. A transcriptomic analysis was conducted on the skin of FAL 1840 14DBH apples at 24 hours from treatment and on UTC 14DBH samples at time 0 (before treatment) and after 24 hours from treatment, to observe the expression of genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and primary metabolism. It was proposed a comparison between the successful treatment discussed in this research and a previous experiment that did not lead to the desired results. Metabolic differences were observed between the 2023 and 2022 control fruits. In this way it was possible to clarify the different sensitivity to jasmonates and the physiological conditions that led to success. In parallel, a comparison was carried out between the 2023 and 2022 treated samples, to investigate the influence of jasmonates on the gene expression of metabolic pathways related to ripening. The results help to define optimal methods and timing for the application of jasmonate-based treatments.
I pigmenti principalmente responsabili della colorazione rossa nelle mele sono gli antociani, composti fenolici appartenenti alla famiglia dei flavonoidi. La sintesi degli antociani dipende da aspetti genetici, ambientali e ormonali. La vista è il primo senso che interviene nella valutazione di un alimento e che ne determina la sua accettabilità da parte del consumatore. Molti studi dimostrano che le mele rosse sono maggiormente preferite dai consumatori poiché il colore rosso riflette un grado di maturazione migliore. Una problematica recente è il riscaldamento globale, che influenza negativamente la sintesi degli antociani. Infatti, sono in aumento ricerche che evidenziano come le mele saranno soggette sempre più frequentemente ad inadeguata colorazione dell’epicarpo a causa del cambiamento climatico. Per questi motivi è necessario individuare delle soluzioni che aumentino la qualità visiva delle mele rosse. Tra i fitormoni, i giasmonati assumono un ruolo importante perché sono coinvolti nella sintesi di metaboliti secondari e possono regolare la biosintesi di antociani. In questo elaborato si valuta l’effetto di due trattamenti a base di giasmonati, applicati a diverse epoche prima della raccolta, su mele Fuji della Società Agricola Mazzoni (FE). Sono stati studiati gli effetti dell’applicazione di giasmonati sugli indici qualitativi, sull’area rossa superficiale e sull’intensità di colore rosso delle mele alla raccolta. È stata condotta un’analisi trascrittomica tramite RNA-seq sui campioni di epicarpo delle mele FAL1840 14DBH a 24 ore dal trattamento e sui campioni UTC 14DBH al tempo 0 (prima del trattamento) e dopo 24 ore dal trattamento, per osservare la variazione dell’espressione dei geni legati alle pathway di biosintesi degli antociani e del metabolismo primario. Infine, è stato proposto un confronto tra il trattamento di successo, discusso in questa ricerca, con un esperimento precedente che non ha portato ai risultati desiderati. Infatti, sono state osservate le differenze metaboliche tra i frutti di controllo 2023 con quelli 2022 per chiarire la diversa sensibilità ai giasmonati e le condizioni fisiologiche che hanno portato al successo. Parallelamente, è stato eseguito il confronto tra i campioni trattati 2023 con quelli 2022 per indagare l’influenza dei giasmonati sull'espressione genica delle pathway metaboliche legate alla maturazione. I risultati contribuiscono a definire modalità e tempistiche ottimali per l'applicazione dei trattamenti a base di giasmonati, garantendone l'efficacia, in modo da aumentare la qualità delle mele.
Giasmonati in pre-raccolta per migliorare la colorazione superficiale in mele Fuji: un approccio fisiologico
PIZZARDO, LETIZIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for the red coloration in apples. They are phenolic compounds belonging to the flavonoid family. The synthesis of anthocyanins is influenced by genetic, environmental and hormonal aspects. Sight is the first sense that determines the acceptability of food by the consumer. In addition, red apples are more preferred by consumers because the red color reflects a better degree of ripeness. Global warming is a problem of recent years that negatively affects the synthesis of anthocyanins. For these reasons it is necessary to identify solutions that increase the visual quality of red apples. Among phytohormones, jasmonates play an important role because they are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites and can regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this research, the effect of two jasmonate-based treatments was evaluated on Fuji apples. The formulations were applied at three different times before harvest. The effects of jasmonate application were studied on quality indices, on the superficial red area and on the intensity of red color of apples at harvest. A transcriptomic analysis was conducted on the skin of FAL 1840 14DBH apples at 24 hours from treatment and on UTC 14DBH samples at time 0 (before treatment) and after 24 hours from treatment, to observe the expression of genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and primary metabolism. It was proposed a comparison between the successful treatment discussed in this research and a previous experiment that did not lead to the desired results. Metabolic differences were observed between the 2023 and 2022 control fruits. In this way it was possible to clarify the different sensitivity to jasmonates and the physiological conditions that led to success. In parallel, a comparison was carried out between the 2023 and 2022 treated samples, to investigate the influence of jasmonates on the gene expression of metabolic pathways related to ripening. The results help to define optimal methods and timing for the application of jasmonate-based treatments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80393