This work explores the role of horticultural legumes, highlighting their strategic value on agronomic, nutritional, technological, and cultural levels. In an era marked by soil degradation and a strong dependence on chemical inputs, these crops emerge as key allies for regenerating fertility and strengthening the resilience of agricultural systems. Through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich soil organic matter, their inclusion in crop rotations helps to break the cycles of pests and pathogens while reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Species such as fava bean, chickpea, pea, and lentil also show a rusticity that allows them to thrive in marginal and vulnerable contexts where other crops struggle, thus offering a concrete response to the challenges of climate change and water scarcity. From a nutritional perspective, legumes provide high-quality proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals, with an amino acid profile that finds natural complementarity when combined with cereals. This principle, historically rooted in many food traditions, confirms the capacity of legumes to sustain balanced and healthy diets. The differences between fresh and dried legumes, mainly related to water content and nutrient concentration, make both forms valuable for modern nutrition. On the technological front, these crops are proving to be extremely versatile. Traditional practices such as germination and fermentation enhance digestibility, flavor profile, and nutrient availability, while advanced techniques, from extrusion to high-pressure treatments and ultrasound, allow for the production of functional ingredients suited to a wide range of applications. In this way, legumes are no longer just staple foods but raw materials capable of giving rise to innovative products such as plant-based burgers, snacks, beverages, and fortified flours. At the same time, the food industry and gastronomy are redefining the image of legumes, transforming them from a “poor” food into a modern and creative ingredient. Plant-based burgers, vegetable beverages, and legume-enriched baked goods illustrate how these crops can be reinterpreted to meet the needs of consumers increasingly attentive to health and sustainability. Circular economy strategies further expand their potential through the valorization of by-products such as aquafaba, which has shifted from being considered waste to becoming a functional resource. Finally, the dissertation emphasizes the educational and cultural value of legumes. Schools, canteens, and awareness campaigns can play a decisive role in relaunching their consumption, presenting them in appealing forms also suitable for younger generations. Horticultural legumes thus emerge not only as an agricultural resource but also as a key to combining health, sustainability, and innovation. Revaluing and reintegrating them at the center of production and dietary practices means taking a concrete step toward a more balanced and resilient agri-food future.
L’elaborato esplora il ruolo delle leguminose orticole mettendo in luce il loro valore strategico sul piano agronomico, nutrizionale, tecnologico e culturale. In un’epoca segnata dal degrado dei suoli e dalla forte dipendenza dagli input chimici, queste colture si confermano come alleate fondamentali per rigenerare la fertilità e rafforzare la resilienza dei sistemi agricoli. Grazie alla capacità di fissare azoto atmosferico e arricchire la sostanza organica, la loro introduzione in rotazione contribuisce a spezzare i cicli di patogeni e infestanti e a ridurre il ricorso a fertilizzanti di sintesi. Specie come fava, cece, pisello e lenticchia dimostrano inoltre una rusticità che le rende adatte anche a contesti marginali e vulnerabili, dove altre colture faticano ad adattarsi, offrendo così una risposta concreta alle sfide poste dal cambiamento climatico e dalla scarsità idrica. Sul piano nutrizionale, i legumi forniscono proteine di buona qualità, fibre, vitamine e minerali, con un profilo amminoacidico che trova naturale completamento nell’abbinamento con i cereali. Questo principio, da sempre presente nelle tradizioni alimentari di molte culture, conferma la capacità delle leguminose di sostenere diete equilibrate e salutari. Le differenze tra legumi freschi e secchi, legate soprattutto al contenuto di acqua e alla concentrazione di nutrienti, rendono entrambe le forme preziose per l’alimentazione contemporanea. Anche sul fronte tecnologico queste colture si stanno rivelando estremamente versatili. Pratiche tradizionali come la germinazione e la fermentazione migliorano digeribilità, profilo aromatico e disponibilità di nutrienti, mentre le tecniche più avanzate, dall’estrusione alle alte pressioni fino agli ultrasuoni, consentono di ottenere ingredienti funzionali adatti a una vasta gamma di applicazioni. In questo modo i legumi non sono più solo alimenti base, ma materie prime capaci di dare origine a prodotti innovativi come burger vegetali, snack, bevande o farine arricchite. Parallelamente, l’industria alimentare e la ristorazione hanno iniziato a ridefinire l’immagine dei legumi, trasformandoli da alimento percepito come “povero” a ingrediente moderno e creativo. I burger plant-based, le bevande vegetali e i prodotti da forno arricchiti mostrano come queste colture possano essere reinterpretate per intercettare i bisogni di consumatori attenti alla salute e alla sostenibilità. L’economia circolare aggiunge nuove prospettive grazie alla valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti, come l’acquafaba, che da semplice scarto diventa risorsa funzionale. Infine, l’elaborato sottolinea il valore educativo e culturale delle leguminose. Le scuole, le mense e le campagne di sensibilizzazione possono svolgere un ruolo decisivo nel rilancio del loro consumo, presentandole in forme appetibili e adatte anche alle nuove generazioni. Le leguminose orticole si confermano quindi non soltanto come risorsa agricola, ma come chiave per coniugare salute,
Il ruolo delle leguminose orticole come colture sostenibili, resilienti e nutrizionalmente strategiche
MINATO, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
This work explores the role of horticultural legumes, highlighting their strategic value on agronomic, nutritional, technological, and cultural levels. In an era marked by soil degradation and a strong dependence on chemical inputs, these crops emerge as key allies for regenerating fertility and strengthening the resilience of agricultural systems. Through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich soil organic matter, their inclusion in crop rotations helps to break the cycles of pests and pathogens while reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Species such as fava bean, chickpea, pea, and lentil also show a rusticity that allows them to thrive in marginal and vulnerable contexts where other crops struggle, thus offering a concrete response to the challenges of climate change and water scarcity. From a nutritional perspective, legumes provide high-quality proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals, with an amino acid profile that finds natural complementarity when combined with cereals. This principle, historically rooted in many food traditions, confirms the capacity of legumes to sustain balanced and healthy diets. The differences between fresh and dried legumes, mainly related to water content and nutrient concentration, make both forms valuable for modern nutrition. On the technological front, these crops are proving to be extremely versatile. Traditional practices such as germination and fermentation enhance digestibility, flavor profile, and nutrient availability, while advanced techniques, from extrusion to high-pressure treatments and ultrasound, allow for the production of functional ingredients suited to a wide range of applications. In this way, legumes are no longer just staple foods but raw materials capable of giving rise to innovative products such as plant-based burgers, snacks, beverages, and fortified flours. At the same time, the food industry and gastronomy are redefining the image of legumes, transforming them from a “poor” food into a modern and creative ingredient. Plant-based burgers, vegetable beverages, and legume-enriched baked goods illustrate how these crops can be reinterpreted to meet the needs of consumers increasingly attentive to health and sustainability. Circular economy strategies further expand their potential through the valorization of by-products such as aquafaba, which has shifted from being considered waste to becoming a functional resource. Finally, the dissertation emphasizes the educational and cultural value of legumes. Schools, canteens, and awareness campaigns can play a decisive role in relaunching their consumption, presenting them in appealing forms also suitable for younger generations. Horticultural legumes thus emerge not only as an agricultural resource but also as a key to combining health, sustainability, and innovation. Revaluing and reintegrating them at the center of production and dietary practices means taking a concrete step toward a more balanced and resilient agri-food future.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93937