As the population with coeliac disease increases, the market for gluten-free products is constantly expanding. In addition to consumers with a medical need, such as coeliacs and gluten-intolerant people, there is a growing share of non-celiac consumers who purchase gluten-free products without a real clinical need. In Italy, for instance, while the number of diagnosed celiac individuals is estimated at around 260,000, more than 6 million people consume gluten-free products habitually. However, the motivations behind the choices of non-celiac consumers remain largely underexplored. Existing literature has only partially addressed this phenomenon, and the specific product attributes that influence purchasing decisions among the two groups are still unclear, highlighting the need for further investigation. Therefore, to address this gap, the present study adopts an integrated approach combining neuromarketing techniques with traditional survey methods to analyse the purchasing behaviour and preferences—both implicit and explicit—of celiac and non-celiac consumers in their selection of gluten-free products. In particular, the research focuses on the main determinants of purchase and the packaging elements that capture the two groups' visual attention the most. Implicit preferences, which operate at an unconscious and non-declarative level, were measured using eye-tracking technology, which allowed for precise detection of visual attention during exposure to four gluten-free pan loaf packages (front and back), divided into two categories: products from specialized gluten-free brands and products from generalist brands. The eye-tracking analysis provided objective data on visual attention patterns, identifying which packaging elements were most salient for each group. Explicit (i.e., conscious) preferences were assessed through a structured questionnaire, which included items on consumers’ perceptions of gluten-free products. The questionnaire covered various product dimensions such as taste, texture, quality, price, healthiness, appearance, and level of processing, as well as perceived benefits of a gluten-free diet and overall knowledge of celiac disease and related products. In addition, monetary preferences were measured via the willingness to buy indicator, in line with established literature. The results show that, on average, visual attention is focused more on the ingredient list, followed by the brand and finally the product weight, with no statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, non-celiac consumers tend to look more closely at the ingredient list, to identify specific components of interest (e.g. lactose). In addition, non-coeliacs show a higher cognitive load, i.e. greater difficulty in visually processing information. Coeliac consumers, on the other hand, are quicker in locating relevant information. Finally, the presence of the “gluten-free” claim is a trust attribute for coeliacs, reducing the need to read the ingredient list in detail due to increased familiarity with the brand (experience attribute).
Con l’aumento della popolazione affetta da celiachia, il mercato dei prodotti senza glutine è in costante espansione. Oltre ai consumatori che hanno una reale necessità medica, come i celiaci e gli intolleranti al glutine, vi è una crescente quota di consumatori non celiaci che acquistano prodotti gluten-free senza un’effettiva esigenza clinica. In Italia, a fronte di circa 260.000 celiaci, si stima che vi siano oltre 6 milioni di consumatori abituali di prodotti senza glutine. Tuttavia, le motivazioni che spingono i non celiaci a orientarsi verso questi prodotti rimangono in gran parte poco esplorate; la letteratura scientifica ha solo parzialmente affrontato il fenomeno e, soprattutto, non è ancora chiaro quali siano gli elementi specifici dei prodotti gluten-free che risultano più rilevanti per i due gruppi di consumatori, rendendo necessari ulteriori studi sul tema. Per contribuire a colmare questa lacuna, il presente studio si propone di analizzare, attraverso un approccio integrato che combina tecniche di neuromarketing a strumenti di indagine tradizionali, il comportamento di acquisto e le preferenze (implicite ed esplicite) di consumatori celiaci e non celiaci nella scelta dei prodotti gluten-free. In particolare, la ricerca si focalizza sulle determinanti principali dell’acquisto e sugli elementi del packaging che catturano maggiormente l’attenzione visiva dei due gruppi. Le preferenze implicite, ovvero quelle che agiscono a livello inconscio e non dichiarato, sono state rilevate mediante eye-tracking, uno strumento che consente di misurare con precisione quali elementi visivi attirano l’attenzione dei consumatori. I partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a quattro diversi stimoli visivi, utilizzando quattro diversi packaging (fronte e retro) di pan bauletto senza glutine, appartenenti a due categorie distinte: prodotti di brand specializzati nel mercato gluten-free e prodotti di marchi non specificamente dedicati a tale mercato. L’analisi dell’eye-tracking ha quindi fornito dati oggettivi sull’orientamento dell’attenzione visiva, evidenziando quali aree del packaging risultano più salienti per ciascun gruppo. Le preferenze esplicite (o dichiarate) sono state misurate invece in modo classico, utilizzando un questionario strutturato che comprendeva domande relative alla percezione dei prodotti senza glutine, con particolare attenzione agli aspetti organolettici (sapore, consistenza, qualità, prezzo, salubrità, aspetto, livello di processamento), ai benefici percepiti della dieta gluten-free e al livello di conoscenza della celiachia e dei prodotti correlati. Inoltre, le preferenze monetarie sono state misurate attraverso l’indicatore di disponibilità all’acquisto (ovvero la willingness to buy), in linea con la letteratura sul tema. I risultati mostrano che, in media, l’attenzione visiva dei partecipanti si concentra maggiormente sulla lista degli ingredienti, seguita dal brand e infine dalla grammatura del prodotto, senza differenze statisticamente significative tra i due gruppi. Tuttavia, i consumatori non celiaci tendono a osservare più attentamente la lista degli ingredienti, probabilmente per individuare specifici componenti di interesse (es. lattosio). Inoltre, i non celiaci evidenziano un carico cognitivo maggiore, ovvero una maggiore difficoltà nell’elaborazione visiva delle informazioni. I consumatori celiaci, invece, risultano più rapidi nel localizzare le informazioni rilevanti. Infine, la presenza del claim “senza glutine” rappresenta per i celiaci un attributo di fiducia, riducendo la necessità di leggere in dettaglio la lista degli ingredienti, grazie a una maggiore familiarità con il brand (attributo esperienza).
Tra necessità e scelta: comprendere come celiaci e non celiaci valutano e percepiscono i prodotti senza glutine
ZORZI, REBECCA
2024/2025
Abstract
As the population with coeliac disease increases, the market for gluten-free products is constantly expanding. In addition to consumers with a medical need, such as coeliacs and gluten-intolerant people, there is a growing share of non-celiac consumers who purchase gluten-free products without a real clinical need. In Italy, for instance, while the number of diagnosed celiac individuals is estimated at around 260,000, more than 6 million people consume gluten-free products habitually. However, the motivations behind the choices of non-celiac consumers remain largely underexplored. Existing literature has only partially addressed this phenomenon, and the specific product attributes that influence purchasing decisions among the two groups are still unclear, highlighting the need for further investigation. Therefore, to address this gap, the present study adopts an integrated approach combining neuromarketing techniques with traditional survey methods to analyse the purchasing behaviour and preferences—both implicit and explicit—of celiac and non-celiac consumers in their selection of gluten-free products. In particular, the research focuses on the main determinants of purchase and the packaging elements that capture the two groups' visual attention the most. Implicit preferences, which operate at an unconscious and non-declarative level, were measured using eye-tracking technology, which allowed for precise detection of visual attention during exposure to four gluten-free pan loaf packages (front and back), divided into two categories: products from specialized gluten-free brands and products from generalist brands. The eye-tracking analysis provided objective data on visual attention patterns, identifying which packaging elements were most salient for each group. Explicit (i.e., conscious) preferences were assessed through a structured questionnaire, which included items on consumers’ perceptions of gluten-free products. The questionnaire covered various product dimensions such as taste, texture, quality, price, healthiness, appearance, and level of processing, as well as perceived benefits of a gluten-free diet and overall knowledge of celiac disease and related products. In addition, monetary preferences were measured via the willingness to buy indicator, in line with established literature. The results show that, on average, visual attention is focused more on the ingredient list, followed by the brand and finally the product weight, with no statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, non-celiac consumers tend to look more closely at the ingredient list, to identify specific components of interest (e.g. lactose). In addition, non-coeliacs show a higher cognitive load, i.e. greater difficulty in visually processing information. Coeliac consumers, on the other hand, are quicker in locating relevant information. Finally, the presence of the “gluten-free” claim is a trust attribute for coeliacs, reducing the need to read the ingredient list in detail due to increased familiarity with the brand (experience attribute).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93977