In recent years, a phenomenon that has attracted great interest in the oenological sector, both among producers and researchers, is quercetin precipitation. This issue is particularly observed in wines obtained from the Sangiovese grape variety, which is naturally rich in quercetin. However, the presence of deposits has also been reported in wines produced from other varieties. Quercetin is a flavonoid belonging to the flavonol class, widely distributed in many plant species. In grapevines, it is mainly found in the leaves, stems, and grape skins. It occurs predominantly in glycosylated forms (glucoside, glucuronide, galactoside, and rutinoside). The instability of quercetin leads to the formation of a yellow or yellow-green sediment, consisting of thin needle-shaped crystals, which is considered unpleasant by consumers and results in a depreciation of the product. The phenomenon usually appears 1.5-2 years after bottling, confirming that it is a slow and difficult to predict precipitation process. One of the most widely accepted hypotheses attributes the origin of the deposit to the hydrolysis of glycosylated derivatives of quercetin, which occurs during wine fermentation and aging. This process releases quercetin aglycone, a much less soluble form in the hydroalcoholic medium, which tends to precipitate over time. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of pH on the precipitation of quercetin aglycone, the sugar-free and insoluble form of quercetin. Two Sangiovese wines, supplied by a winery in Tuscany, were used for the experiments. These wines differed in their content of quercetin aglycone: wine M01, with a low aglycone content, and wine P01, with a high aglycone content. The pH of each wine was initially measured and then adjusted to three different values: 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. For each pH value, the wine was divided into replicates and transferred into test tubes, in which increasing concentrations of quercetin aglycone were added. The progression of precipitation was monitored by measuring turbidity at regular intervals, initially at shorter intervals and later at longer ones, until stability was reached. The solubility of quercetin is influenced by several factors, including copigmentation with anthocyanins. The interaction between these molecules leads to the formation of a stable complex that helps maintain quercetin in solution. For this reason, we decided to investigate whether pH could affect the formation and stability of this complex. At the end of the measurements and after comparing the data, it was found that quercetin aglycone tends to precipitate more rapidly at higher pH values. On the other hand, regarding the copigmentation between anthocyanins and quercetin, it was observed that within the pH range considered, pH does not significantly influence this interaction.
Negli ultimi anni, un fenomeno che ha suscitato grande interesse nel settore enologico, sia tra i produttori che tra i ricercatori, è la precipitazione della quercetina. Questo problema si osserva soprattutto nei vini ottenuti dalla varietà di uva Sangiovese, che ne è naturalmente ricca. Tuttavia, la presenza di depositi è stata riscontrata anche in vini prodotti da altre varietà. La quercetina è un flavonoide appartenente alla classe dei flavonoli, ampiamente diffusa in molte specie vegetali. Nella vite è presente principalmente nelle foglie, nei raspi e nella buccia dell’acino. Si trova prevalentemente in forma glicosilata (glucoside, glucuronide, galattoside e rutinoside). L’instabilità della quercetina provoca la formazione di un sedimento di colore giallo o gialloverde, costituito da sottili cristalli aghiformi, che risulta sgradevole alla vista del consumatore e causa un deprezzamento del prodotto. Il fenomeno si manifesta solitamente a distanza di 1,5-2 anni dall’imbottigliamento, a conferma di un processo di precipitazione lento e difficilmente prevedibile. Una delle ipotesi più accreditate attribuisce l’origine del deposito all’idrolisi dei derivati glicosilati della quercetina, che avviene durante la fermentazione e l’affinamento del vino. Questo processo porta alla liberazione della quercetina aglicone, una forma molto meno solubile in ambiente idroalcolico, che tende a precipitare nel tempo. La presente tesi ha lo scopo di valutare l’effetto del pH sulla precipitazione della quercetina aglicone, ovvero la forma priva di zucchero e insolubile. Sono stati utilizzati 2 vini della varietà Sangiovese, forniti da una cantina in Toscana, che differiscono l’uno dall’altro per il contenuto di quercetina aglicone: il vino M01, con basso contenuto di aglicone, e il vino P01, con contenuto elevato. Il pH di ciascun vino è stato preliminarmente misurato e successivamente regolato a tre diversi valori: 3.4, 3.5 e 3.6. Per ogni valore di pH, il vino è stato suddiviso in repliche e trasferito in provette, all’interno delle quali sono state aggiunte concentrazioni crescenti di quercetina aglicone. L’andamento della precipitazione è stato monitorato attraverso la misura della torbidità, rilevata a intervalli regolari, inizialmente più ravvicinati e successivamente più distanziati, fino al raggiungimento della stabilità. La solubilità della quercetina è influenzata da diversi fattori, tra cui la copigmentazione con gli antociani. L’interazione tra queste molecole porta alla formazione di un complesso stabile che favorisce il mantenimento della quercetina in soluzione. Per questo motivo, si è voluto indagare se il pH potesse influenzare la formazione e la stabilità di tale complesso. Al termine delle misurazioni e dopo aver confrontato i dati, è emerso che la quercetina aglicone tende a precipitare più rapidamente a pH più elevati. Invece, per quanto riguarda la copigmentazione tra antociani e quercetina è emerso che, nel range di pH considerato, il pH non influenza in modo significativo tale interazione.
Effetto del pH sulla precipitazione della quercetina aglicone
TURCO, ELISA
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent years, a phenomenon that has attracted great interest in the oenological sector, both among producers and researchers, is quercetin precipitation. This issue is particularly observed in wines obtained from the Sangiovese grape variety, which is naturally rich in quercetin. However, the presence of deposits has also been reported in wines produced from other varieties. Quercetin is a flavonoid belonging to the flavonol class, widely distributed in many plant species. In grapevines, it is mainly found in the leaves, stems, and grape skins. It occurs predominantly in glycosylated forms (glucoside, glucuronide, galactoside, and rutinoside). The instability of quercetin leads to the formation of a yellow or yellow-green sediment, consisting of thin needle-shaped crystals, which is considered unpleasant by consumers and results in a depreciation of the product. The phenomenon usually appears 1.5-2 years after bottling, confirming that it is a slow and difficult to predict precipitation process. One of the most widely accepted hypotheses attributes the origin of the deposit to the hydrolysis of glycosylated derivatives of quercetin, which occurs during wine fermentation and aging. This process releases quercetin aglycone, a much less soluble form in the hydroalcoholic medium, which tends to precipitate over time. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of pH on the precipitation of quercetin aglycone, the sugar-free and insoluble form of quercetin. Two Sangiovese wines, supplied by a winery in Tuscany, were used for the experiments. These wines differed in their content of quercetin aglycone: wine M01, with a low aglycone content, and wine P01, with a high aglycone content. The pH of each wine was initially measured and then adjusted to three different values: 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. For each pH value, the wine was divided into replicates and transferred into test tubes, in which increasing concentrations of quercetin aglycone were added. The progression of precipitation was monitored by measuring turbidity at regular intervals, initially at shorter intervals and later at longer ones, until stability was reached. The solubility of quercetin is influenced by several factors, including copigmentation with anthocyanins. The interaction between these molecules leads to the formation of a stable complex that helps maintain quercetin in solution. For this reason, we decided to investigate whether pH could affect the formation and stability of this complex. At the end of the measurements and after comparing the data, it was found that quercetin aglycone tends to precipitate more rapidly at higher pH values. On the other hand, regarding the copigmentation between anthocyanins and quercetin, it was observed that within the pH range considered, pH does not significantly influence this interaction.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/94009