In recent years, donkey milk has been receiving growing commercial and scientific interest thanks to its nutritional and functional properties. Its composition, very similar to that of breast milk, makes it a valid alternative, particularly for children with cow's milk protein allergy. Furthermore, it is considered a valuable food also for the elderly, thanks to its immunonutritional components, and in general for the general population due to its positive effects on health. Donkey milk is often sold raw and, as it is mainly intended for vulnerable consumer groups, its hygienic quality is a critical factor. The aim of this thesis is to assess the microbiological and hygienic quality of raw donkey milk samples, contributing to the characterization of this product, which is still poorly studied and lacks specific regulations. The investigation focused on Enterobacteriaceae counts (as indicators of process hygiene) and on the detection of two pathogens of regulatory relevance: Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. 10 raw bulk milk samples from two different farms in North-East Italy were analysed. Results showed generally low levels of contamination, as well as a low presence of pathogenic microorganisms. The Enterobacteriaceae count was variable (from <10 to 830 cfu/ml), however, it remained below regional reference limits. The data also showed a clear seasonal trend, with an increase in counts during the summer months. E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were always absent in 25 ml of product, complying with food safety criteria. Two autoagglutinating strains, isolated during the E. coli O157 test, were identified using MALDI-TOF: a Leclercia adecarboxylata (an opportunistic pathogen) and a generic E. coli (not further typed). In conclusion, this study confirms that, although donkey milk shows low levels of general contamination and a low risk for major pathogens, its intrinsic antimicrobial properties (e.g., lysozyme) are not sufficient to guarantee its absolute safety. The quality of the final product critically depends on the rigorous application of Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) throughout the entire supply chain, highlighting the urgent need for species-specific regulatory harmonisation, which is currently lacking, in order to protect a high-value product intended for vulnerable consumers.
Il latte d’asina, in questi ultimi anni, sta ricevendo un crescente interesse commerciale e scientifico grazie alle sue proprietà nutrizionali e funzionali. La sua composizione, molto simile a quella del latte materno, lo rende una valida alternativa, in particolare per bambini affetti da allergia alle proteine del latte vaccino. È inoltre considerato un valido alimento anche per anziani, per le sue componenti immunonutrizionali, e in generale per tutte le fasce della popolazione, per gli effetti positivi che può avere sulla salute. Il latte d’asina è spesso commercializzato crudo e, essendo destinato principalmente a categorie di consumatori vulnerabili, la sua qualità igienico-sanitaria rappresenta un fattore critico. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di valutare la qualità microbiologica e igienico-sanitaria di campioni di latte crudo d’asina, fornendo un contributo alla caratterizzazione di questo prodotto, ancora poco studiato e privo di normative specifiche. L’indagine si è focalizzata sulla conta delle Enterobacteriaceae (come indicatori di igiene di processo) e sulla ricerca di due patogeni di rilevanza legale: Escherichia coli O157 e Salmonella spp. Sono stati analizzati 10 campioni di latte crudo di massa provenienti da due diversi allevamenti del Nord-Est Italia. I risultati hanno mostrato una contaminazione generalmente bassa, così come la presenza di microrganismi patogeni. La conta delle Enterobacteriaceae è risultata variabile (da <10 a 830 ufc/ml), mantenendosi comunque al di sotto dei limiti regionali di riferimento. I dati hanno inoltre mostrato una chiara tendenza stagionale, con un aumento delle conte nei mesi estivi. E. coli O157 e Salmonella spp. sono sempre risultati assenti in 25 ml di prodotto, rispettando i criteri di sicurezza alimentare. Due ceppi autoagglutinanti, emersi dal test per E. coli O157, sono stati identificati tramite MALDI-TOF: una Leclercia adecarboxylata (un patogeno opportunista) e un E. coli generico, cioè non tipizzato. In conclusione, questo studio conferma che, sebbene il latte d’asina presenti bassi livelli di contaminazione generale e un basso rischio per i principali patogeni, le sue proprietà antimicrobiche intrinseche (es. lisozima) non sono sufficienti a garantirne la sicurezza assoluta. La qualità del prodotto finale dipende in modo critico dall'applicazione rigorosa delle buone pratiche igieniche (GHP) durante l’intera filiera, evidenziando l'urgenza di un'armonizzazione normativa specie-specifica, attualmente carente, per tutelare un prodotto di alto valore destinato a consumatori vulnerabili.
Ricerca di Enterobatteri nel Latte di Asina
DAL BÒ, DAVIDE
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent years, donkey milk has been receiving growing commercial and scientific interest thanks to its nutritional and functional properties. Its composition, very similar to that of breast milk, makes it a valid alternative, particularly for children with cow's milk protein allergy. Furthermore, it is considered a valuable food also for the elderly, thanks to its immunonutritional components, and in general for the general population due to its positive effects on health. Donkey milk is often sold raw and, as it is mainly intended for vulnerable consumer groups, its hygienic quality is a critical factor. The aim of this thesis is to assess the microbiological and hygienic quality of raw donkey milk samples, contributing to the characterization of this product, which is still poorly studied and lacks specific regulations. The investigation focused on Enterobacteriaceae counts (as indicators of process hygiene) and on the detection of two pathogens of regulatory relevance: Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. 10 raw bulk milk samples from two different farms in North-East Italy were analysed. Results showed generally low levels of contamination, as well as a low presence of pathogenic microorganisms. The Enterobacteriaceae count was variable (from <10 to 830 cfu/ml), however, it remained below regional reference limits. The data also showed a clear seasonal trend, with an increase in counts during the summer months. E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were always absent in 25 ml of product, complying with food safety criteria. Two autoagglutinating strains, isolated during the E. coli O157 test, were identified using MALDI-TOF: a Leclercia adecarboxylata (an opportunistic pathogen) and a generic E. coli (not further typed). In conclusion, this study confirms that, although donkey milk shows low levels of general contamination and a low risk for major pathogens, its intrinsic antimicrobial properties (e.g., lysozyme) are not sufficient to guarantee its absolute safety. The quality of the final product critically depends on the rigorous application of Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) throughout the entire supply chain, highlighting the urgent need for species-specific regulatory harmonisation, which is currently lacking, in order to protect a high-value product intended for vulnerable consumers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101623