Biodiversity in grapevine represents the set of different genotypes belonging to the genus Vitis. After appearing on Earth tens millions years ago, the wild grapevine colonized various environments with markedly different soil and climate characteristics. By following a long path of domestication adopted by man and aimed at obtaining genotypes with increasingly higher production performance, grapevine was able to adapt and evolve, thus generating a gene pool composed of a huge number of significantly different clones. It is the task of society as a whole to safeguard and protect this heritage, so immense but at the same time so fragile, through appropriate conservation and promotion programmes for local minority cultivars, thus curbing the varietal homologation against which the viticulture has been fighting for several decades. The correct characterisation of the genetic heritage is particularly important in today's wine market, where important legal and cultural aspects arise. In recent years, thanks to the rapid development of genomics, the characterisation has moved from being exclusively ampelographic, which is based on morphological observations, to being essentially molecular. Molecular characterisation, thanks to the use of DNA sequences (molecular markers), enables the identification of the different grapevine genotypes in a remarkably rapid and precise manner, and has recently enabled the discrimination of many synonyms and homonyms between varieties. In the wine-growing sector, however, genetics has acquired another important function in recent years, namely that of assisting breeding improvement programmes, largely aimed at obtaining varieties that are resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stresses that characterise today's viticulture.
La biodiversità in vite rappresenta l’insieme dei diversi genotipi appartenenti al genere Vitis. Comparsa nella Terra decine di milioni di anni fa, la vite selvatica ha colonizzato diversi ambienti aventi caratteristiche pedoclimatiche nettamente differenti. Sottoposta ad un lungo percorso di domesticazione adottato dall’uomo e atto all’ottenimento di genotipi sempre più performanti dal punto di vista produttivo, la vite ha potuto adattarsi ed evolversi generando così un pool genetico formato da un numeroso gruppo di cloni significativamente diversi tra loro. È compito della società, nella sua interezza, salvaguardare e proteggere tale patrimonio, così immenso, ma allo stesso tempo così fragile, attraverso adeguati programmi di conservazione e promozione delle cultivar minoritarie locali, frenando in tal modo l’omologazione varietale che caratterizza la viticoltura da diversi decenni. Indispensabile, inoltre, risulta essere la caratterizzazione del patrimonio genetico della vite. Negli ultimi anni, grazie al rapido sviluppo della genomica, la caratterizzazione è passata da essere esclusivamente ampelografica, ovvero basata su osservazioni della morfologia, a prevalentemente molecolare. La caratterizzazione molecolare, grazie all’utilizzo di specifiche sequenze nucleotidiche (marcatori molecolari), consente la discriminazione dei diversi genotipi di vite in modo rapido e preciso, e la quale, recentemente, ha permesso l’identificazione di un elevato numero di sinonimi e omonimi tra le varietà. Tuttavia, nel settore vitivinicolo la genetica ha acquisito negli ultimi anni un’altra importante funzione, ossia quella d’assistenza verso i programmi di miglioramento genetico, in larga parte orientati all’ottenimento di varietà tolleranti ai principali stress, biotici e abiotici, che caratterizzano la viticoltura odierna.
Biodiversità in vite: origine, caratterizzazione, conservazione e funzione applicativa
VIGNONI, NICOLÒ
2022/2023
Abstract
Biodiversity in grapevine represents the set of different genotypes belonging to the genus Vitis. After appearing on Earth tens millions years ago, the wild grapevine colonized various environments with markedly different soil and climate characteristics. By following a long path of domestication adopted by man and aimed at obtaining genotypes with increasingly higher production performance, grapevine was able to adapt and evolve, thus generating a gene pool composed of a huge number of significantly different clones. It is the task of society as a whole to safeguard and protect this heritage, so immense but at the same time so fragile, through appropriate conservation and promotion programmes for local minority cultivars, thus curbing the varietal homologation against which the viticulture has been fighting for several decades. The correct characterisation of the genetic heritage is particularly important in today's wine market, where important legal and cultural aspects arise. In recent years, thanks to the rapid development of genomics, the characterisation has moved from being exclusively ampelographic, which is based on morphological observations, to being essentially molecular. Molecular characterisation, thanks to the use of DNA sequences (molecular markers), enables the identification of the different grapevine genotypes in a remarkably rapid and precise manner, and has recently enabled the discrimination of many synonyms and homonyms between varieties. In the wine-growing sector, however, genetics has acquired another important function in recent years, namely that of assisting breeding improvement programmes, largely aimed at obtaining varieties that are resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stresses that characterise today's viticulture.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/42925